RIBRARY OF CONGRESS. I 



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\ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. iS 



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AMERICAN ClTiZEN? 



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AMEI[ICAN CITIZEH;S TREASUI[E hous 



Beiii£ a Political and Statistical Mirror of tlie Uiiitei States : 



^ Compendium of Amep^can ^-Iistory, 



WITH A KECORD OF THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE UNION, 

TOGETHER WITH THE LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS, AND SKETCHES OF GREAT AND 

REMARKABLE MEN OF AMERICA, AND OTHER LANDS AND AGES, To WHICH 

IS APPENDED THE PRINCIPLES AND PLATFORMS, AND LIVES OF THE 

CANDIDATES OF THE POLITICa'l PARTIES IN THE 



Presidential Campaign of 1872 



By J. "WASHINGTON GOODSPEED, 



ILLUSTRATED. 




GOODSPEED'S EMPIRE PUBLISHING HOUSE: 

Chicago, III., 51 S. Carpenter St. ; Cincinnati, O., 179 West Fourth St.; 

St. Louis, Mo., 314 Olive St. ; New Orleans, La., 41 Natchez St.; 

New York, 107 Liberty St. 

A. L. BANCROFT & CO., San Francisco, Cal. 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S72, by 

J. WASHINCiTON GOODSPEED, 

In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 



Gocdsi-eecl'i Steain Print and Bindery, 51 S. Carpenter St. 



PREFACE. 



The Publisher's design in this work is masterly, for the world's 
history is really the history of its great men. The philosopher's 
terse saying is most true : — " There is nothing great on earth but 
man and there is nothing great in man but mind." His purpose 
is, to gather up the leading features and characteristics of the 
mighty men in various departments of human activity and present 
them for the study and guidance of the young men of our times. 
Founders and reformers in religion, princes in finance, war, politics, 
and philosophy, including our own men of mark, and historical 
names of other ages and countries will be sketched, and their 
careers held up for approbation or warning. Naturally and neces- 
sarily much of our country's glorious history Avill be condensed 
into the biographies of those who have made her prosperous, or 
are now controlling her destiny. The Chief Magistrates, exponents 
and representatives of opinions and parties, will have their por- 
traiture here ; and the system of government founded and admin- 
istered by them will be faithfully described. The rise of States, will 
be traced, and their position in the political heavens mapped out. 
The principles and platforms and candidates of the parties now 
struggling for ascendancy, will be impartially set forth for the 
information of the public. Such a collection of facts will render 
this volume as interesting as a story and as helpful as a Cyclopaedia. 
The substance of many volumes is concentrated in this, and in 
such space and form that one can gather into his mind, in brief 
hours of leisure, the results of years of research and composition. 

In these days of the Press, books are multiplied until the attention 
is confused by their number and scope. It becomes a desideratum 



X PREFACE. 

to find much matter compressed into a few pages, because time is 
money, and few can hunt through bushels of chaff for a few grains 
of wheat, or spend months over prolix histories and memoirs to 
glean what is needed for the actual necessities of information con- 
cerning questions of interest to the American citizen and the man 
of affairs. 

The former publications of this house have been uniformly 
of such a character as to give assurance that, in this new 
effort of the publisher to entertain, instruct and benefit his gener- 
ation, he will succeed, and advance his reputation, secure a new 
hold upon their confidence and establish a fresh title to their gen- 
erous patronage. Every reasonable exertion has befen made to 
procure the best sources of knowledge concerning each person and 
topic treated in this v/ork, and to arrange the matter in a succinct 
and readable form. Doubtless the public verdict will be favorable 
to the authenticity, strength and beauty of the author's production. 
From the immense scope of subjects here surveyed and illustrated, 
every person who reads the work will be sure to find something of 
deep interest and peculiar value to himself, and its treatment and 
range will be such as to constitute it, not an ephemeral thing, to be 
glanced at and cast aside, but a volume for frequent reference and 
recurring perusal. It is with this idea in view that the publisher 
has striven to impart to the work that thoroughness and attractive- 
ness which shall give it welcome in the family and library of the 
masses of our intelligent countrymen. 

In the bulk of curious information concerning our political 
fabric, and the summaries of laws and enactments affecting indi- 
viduals, classes, and communities, it is intended to make the work 
essential — a sine-qua-non — to the people. 

In recognition of the universal love of pictorial representation^ 
this volume will be embellished with numerous illustrations, con- 
veying, through the eye, to the mind, just and vivid conceptions of 
many of the characters and objects described, and of monuments 
of human skill and power, which minister to the gratification or the 
necessities of mankind. E. J. G. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

PART FIRST. 

DISCOVERY OF AISIERICA 

Settlement of Greenland 

Colonies Lost in the Fifteenth Century, 

Discoveries of Columbus 

District of Portugal and Great Britain, 

Assisted by Ferdinand and Isabella, - 

Second Voyage, - 

Discovery of the Continent in Third Voyage, 

Amingo Vespucci — The Pretender,. 

Oldest Town in America, 

Oldest Town Settled by English, 

Taxation of the Provinces, 

Refusal of the Colonies to Submit, 

Stamp Act Repealed 

FATHERS OF THE REPUBLIC, 

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 17 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, 24 

HISTORY OF THE GREAT SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES, 46 

Origin of Present Device, - .- 50 

ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF GOVERNMENT, 60 

Parental Government, — 60 

Gradual Development into National, 60 

Mosaic Law the Law of all Christian Government, 61 

The Earliest Established Points in Law, 6r 

Republicanism Opposed to Tyranny, 62 

THE WAY WE ARE GOVERNED 65 

Legislative Authority, 65 

The Senate, 65 

Vice President,.- 65 

House of Representatives, 63 

The Executive, 6? 

Secretary' of State 

Secretarj' of the Treasury, 67 

Secretarj' of War, 67 

Secretary of the Navy, 67 

Secretary' of the Interior,. 67 

Attorney General, 67 

Compensation of the President and Members of the Cabinet, 

Supreme Court — Circuit Court — District Court — Court of Claims 

CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, 75 

Of What it Consists, 

Duty of Officers, , 79 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT 

NEW APPORTION.MENT FOR CONGRESSMEN AND STATE GOVERNORS, 

POPULATION OF STATES AND TERRITORIES, 

POPULATION OF OUR PRINCIPAL CITIES, 

OUR IMPORTS AND THEIR COST, 

Difference of Time, 



IJIKD-S-EVE VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES, 

Location — Boundaries — Alaska — Emigration — Political Divisions — Rivers — Principal 
Lakes — Sceneiy of Lake Superior — Fort Mackinaw — Pictured Rocks — Climate — 
Mountain Ranges — Soil — Inhabitants — Mineral Productions — Agriculture — Com- 
merce — Internal Improvements — Education — Standing Army — Navy Regulations.. 89-83 

POETRY— OUR COUNTRY, j 89 

MINISTERS TO FOREION COUNTRIES, 

MINISTERS RESIDENT AND CONSULS GENERAL 91 

HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES AND TERRITORIES, 

MAINE — Its Settlement — Progress — Population, 

NEW HAMPSHIRE— Its Settlement— History— Population, 

VERMONT— Its Settlement— Historj'— Population , _ 

MASSACHUSETTS— Its Settlement— History— Population, 

RHODE ISLAND— Its Settlemept— Historj-- Population, 

CONNECTICUT— Its Settlement — History — Mineral Resources — Agriculture — Education 

— Population, _ 

NEW YORK — Early Settlement — History — Alineral Wealth — Agriculture — Education — 

Exports — I mports- — Population, 

NEW JERSEY — Settlement — Progress — Wealth — Education — Population 

PENNSYLVANIA — History — Minerals — Education — Population, - 

DELAWARE — History — Manufactures — Education — Agriculture — Minerals— Population.. 
MARYLAND — Settlement — Commerce — Soil and Products — Manufactures — Education — 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBI.\— History— Population 

VIRGINIA — Settlement — History — Climate — Soil and Products — Education — Minerals — 

Population, 

NORTH CAROLINA— Settlement— History— Minerals— .Agriculture— Manufactures— Ed- 
ucation — Population, ^^ _ _ 

SOUTH CAROLINA — Settlement — History — .Agriculture — Commerce — Public Institutes 

— Education — Population, 

GEORGIA — Settlement — History — Agriculture — Manufactures — Population, 

FLORIDA — Settlement — Climate — Soil — Agriculture — Manufactures — Population, 

A LA BAM. A — Settlement — Soil — Agricultural Products — Population, , 

MISSISSIPPI — Climate— Settlement— Agriculture — Soil — Population 

LOUISIAN.A — Settlement — History — Climate — Soil and Products — -Commerce — Education 

— Population , 

TEXAS — Settlement — History — Soil — Climate — Agricultural Products— Minerals — Educa- 
tion — Population, 

WEST VIRGIN LA — Historj- — Government — Manufactures — Minerals — .Agriculture — Cli- 
mate — Education — Population, — 

TENNESSEE— History— Settlement— Soil and Climate— Agriculture— iMinerals-Educa- 

tion — Internal Improvements — Population, 

KENTUCKY— Settlement— History— Agriculture— Soil— Climate— Minerals— Education — 

Manufactures — Population, 

OHIO — Histof)' — Climate — Soil — Productions — Manufactures — Minerals — Education— Pop- 
ulation, -- 

INDIANA— History— Settlement— Agricultural Products— Minerals— Education— Popula- 
tion, — - 

ILLINOIS— Settlement— History— Climate— Soil and Productions— Manufactures— MineraU 

— Education — Population, 

MICHIGAN— Settlement— History— Exports — Soil — Agriculture — Education— Population, 
WISCONSIN— Histoiy— Climate— Soil — Agricultural Products- — ^Minerals— Education- 
Population, -- 

MINNESOT.A— Settlement— Climate— Soil and Products — Education— .Agriculture— Min- 
erals — Population, - 

IOWA — Settlement — History — Climate — Soil — Products — Minerals — Population, 

M ISSOU RI— Settlement— History— Climate— Soil— Products— Minerals— Population, 

ARKANSAS— Historj- — Resources— Minerals— Agriculture— Education — Population 

KANSAS — Settlement— Progress— Mineral and Agricultural Wealth— Education— Popula- 
tion - 



NEBRASKA — Settlement — History — Soil — Climate — Agriculture — Minerals — Education^ 
Population, 

NEVADA — Settlement — ^History — Soil and Climate — Agricultural Products — Minerals- 
Population,. 

CALIFCiRN I A — Settlement — History — Soil — Climate — Minerals — Population, 

OREGON — Settlement — Soil — Climate — Agricultural and Mineral Products — Commerce — 
Population, 

HISTOUV OF TERRITORIES. 

ALASKA — Purchase — Inhabitants — Soil — Climate — Extent of Territory — Resources — Pop- 
ulation, - 

ARIZONA — Topography — Climate — Soil — Agricultural and Mineral Resources — Popula- 
tion, 

COLORADO — Settlement — Soil and Climate — Agricultviral and Mineral Resources — Popu- 
lation, _ 

DAKOTA — Soil — Chmate — Minerals — Agriculture — Population, 

IDAH O — Topography — Soil — Climate — Minerals — Agriculture — Population, 

INDIAN TERRITORY— Topography— Soil— Climate— Inhabitants— Population, 

MONTANA — History — Soil — Climate — Minerals — Agriculture — Population, 

NEW MEXICO— Settlement— History — Soil Climate— Minerals— Agriculture — Popula- 
tion, 

UTAH — Settlement — History — Soil — Climate — Wealth — Minerals — Agricultural Products 
— Population - 

POETRY— WHAT CONSTITUTES A 'STATE, 

MOTTOES OF THE STATES 

DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF VOTERS, 

INTERNAL REVENUE, _.._ 

POST OFFICES IN THE UNI-ft^D STATES, _ 

POST OFFICE REGULATIONS AND RATES, _ 

THE NATURALIZATION LAW, 

PRE-EMPTION LAW, . 

SOLDIERS' HOMESTEAD LAW OF 1872, 

HOW TO ACQUIRE TITLE TO GOVERNMENT LAND, 

NATIONAL SECURITIES 

PUBLIC DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES, 

I'RESIDENT.S OF THE I'NITED STATES. 

1. GEORGE WASHINGTON 

2. JOHN ADAMS 

3. THOMAS JEFFERSON 

4. JAMES MADISON 

£. JAMES MONROE.. 

■6. JOHN Q. ADAMS 

7. ANDREW JACKSON 

5. MARTIN VAN BUREN : 

9. WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON 

10, JOHN TYLER 

II- JAMES K. POLK 

»2. ZACHARIA TAYLOR 

13. MILLARD FILLMORE 

15. JAMES BUCHANAN 

16. ABRAHAM LINCOLN 

17. ANDREW JOHNSON 

18. ULYSSES S. GRANT 

LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS 

THE ORIGINAL UNION OF THE STATES, 

THE FUTUEE OF OUR COUNTRY, 

LOVE OF COUNTRY AND OF HOME, 

STATISTICS OF THE GLOBE, 

THE LAW OF NATIONS, 



PART SECOND. 



GREAT SIATESMKN. 

Louis Bonaparte 

Bismark _ 

Charles Sumner 

Carl Schurz 

John A. Logan ._. 

Lyman Trumbull _ 

Schuyler Colfax 

Reverdy Johnson _. 

Simon Cameron _. 

Zachariah Chandler _ 

James A. Garfield.. 

Henry Clay 

Frederick Sawyer 

Benjamin Wade 

W. T. Willey 

Justin S. Morrill 

Oliver P. Morton 

Willard Saulsbury 

Edwin D. Morgan 

John S. Chanler 

Charles D. Drake 

F. T. Frelinghuysen.. 

Henry Wilson * ... . 

President Thiers 

Thomas A. Hendricks.. 

George S. Bout well 

James Harlan 

William Pitt Fessenden 

Alexander H. Stephens 

John J. Crittenden 

John C. Breckinridge 

AVilliam H. Seward 

GREAT ORATORS. 

Demosthenes 

William Pitt 

Patrick Henry 

John C. Calhoun 

Daniel Webster 

GREAT PREACHERS. 

Henry Ward Beecher 

C. H. Spurgeon , 

John Wesley 

GREAT PHILANTHROPISTS. 

Gen. La Fayette 

William Wilberforce 

John Howard 

George Pcabody 

GREAT PHILOSOPHERS. 

.Socrates 

Plato ..'. 

Copernicus 

Isaac Newton 

Benjamin Franklin 



GREAT INVENTORS. 

George Stephenson - 

Robert Fulton 

Samuel 13. F. Morse 

Eli Whitney 

Charles Goodyear - 

Elias Howe 

Richard M. H oe - 

Cyrus \V. p'ield 

GREAT SOLDIERS. 

Alexander 

Csesar - 

Napoleon I 

Robert E. Lee 

Stonewall Jackson 

William T. Sherman - 

Philip Sheridan 

GREAT AUTHORS. 

Homer 

Shakspeare - 

Tennyson 

Cooper 

Dickens - - - - 

Whi ttier 

GREAT FINANCIERS. 

C. Vanderbilt 

A . T. Stewart 

Daniel Drew 

John Jacob Astor s 

Rothschild '. 

GREAT EXPLORERS. 

Christopher Columbus 

Captain Cook 

Dr. Livingstone - - 

GREAT ARTISTS. 

Michael Angelo - 

Raphael _ 

Powers _ 

HUMORISTS. 

Dean Swift - 

Artemas Ward 

Mark Twain 

Josh Billings - 

GREAT MUSICIANS. 

Beethoven _ 

Mozart - - 

GREAT INDIAN CHIEFS. 

Philip 

Logan 

Tecumseh - 

Black Huwk 

POLITICAL. 
Platforms and lives of the Candidates of the Liberal Republican, Regular Republican and 
Democratic Parties 



PART I. 



THE DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT OF 
THE AMERICAN CONTINENT. 




BOUT the end of the tenth century, the Scandinavians, in 
some of their maritime expeditions, had reached Iceland 
and Greenland, from which latter country they appear to 
have advanced to Vinland, probably Labrador. In 
Greenland some unimportant settlements were made, and the 
communication with the transatlantic continent was maintained 
until the beginning of the 15th century, when the fate of these 
colonies was covered as with a cloud ; and although various at- 
tempts have since been made for their discovery, no traces of 
their existence have been obtained. In Southern Europe these 
expeditions were entirely unknown, and therefore the undimin- 
ished glory was left to Columbus of proving the existence of the 
Western \\'orld. This celebrated navigator was of Genoese 
origin, though his character had been formed and his skill ac- 
quired in the service of Portugal. His active mind readily fore- 
saw the length and difficulties of a voyage to the Indies by sailing 
to the eastward, even if the route should be discovered ; and it 
appeared to him that by sailing directly west he would more 
readily attain his object. Many circumstances, the importance of 
which is liest known to mariners, supported his theories; but 
those to whom he applied for protection and support did not ac- 
knowledLre their force. The Genoese Senate regarded him as a 



AMERICAN citizen's TREASURE HOUSE. 13 

whose direction the enterprise was chiefly conducted. Returning 
to Europe, he published an account of his adventures, and claimed 
the honor of being the first to discover the mainland of the New 
World. The imposture of Vespucci has long been known, and 
his dishonest narrative has in no degree injured the glory of Co- 
lumbus. As to the honor of first reaching the shores of the new 
continent, it probably belongs to the English mariners, who, under 
Cabot, a Bristol seaman of Venetian parents, sailed along the 
coasts of North America from Labrador to Florida, 1498. 

The oldest town in the United States is St. Augustine, in 
Florida, settled by the Spaniards in 1565 ; but the first permanent 
settlement made by the English was that of Jamestown, in Vir- 
ginia, in 1603. In 1620 a body of emigrants, loi in number, 
landed at or near Cape Cod, and in honor of their home in the 
Old World named their home in the New, Plymouth ; and they 
are known to history as the Puritan Fathers. They were soon 
followed by others, and thus was laid the broad corner stone of 
civil and religious liberty The young colonies, were of course, 
subject to Great Britain; and as that country, with a policy 
very different from that pursued by her at present, was con- 
stantly engaged in war, its national debt was heavy and its own 
resources were so nearly exhausted as to make it a serious ques- 
tion from whence their money was to come ; and the ministers 
decided to tax the provinces to raise the means to relieve the 
necessities of the parent Kingdom; and accordingly the notorious 
Stamp Act was passed in 1765 ; but the colonists refused to recog- 
nize or comply with it, on the ground of their having no repre- 
sentation in the Parliament, and the offensive act was repealed ; 
. but the right of taxation— denied by Americans— was insisted 
upon by the ministers, and the duty removed from one article 
was doubled upon others ; and the resistance of the people re- 
sulted in the long struggle known as the Revolutionary War. 
When there seemed but two ways of settling grievances and 
wrongs that grew each hour more deep and oppressive— either by 
unconditional submission, or by separation from England— they 
chose the latter, and on the 4th of July, 1776, Congress, on behalf 
of the Colonies, declared their independence of Great Britain, and 
a committee was appointed, consisting of Thomas Jefferson, Ben- 
jamin Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, and John Livin-^- 



AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 15 



THE FATHERS OF THE REPUBLIC. 




!/^^5v^E can not believe that man lives upon American soil, 
protected by our laws, and sheltered by the dear old 
flag beneath whose folds the patriots of '76 marched on 
to victory over the armies of the tyrant and oppressor, whose 
heart does not beat quicker with pride and affection as heglances 
back over the heroes who planted the germ of our national 
independence, and watered it with tears, and hallowed the soil 
only too often with their life-blood. We look at their mighty 
works and say, surely, " there were giants in those days." Gigan- 
tic was the task which those brave men performed, and glorious 
liave been the results of their efforts. 

From the day when the first blow fell upon the astonished 
believers in the divine right of kings, to the day when, at the 
Court of Versailles, the reluctant lion of the House of Hanover 
was compelled to sign the Act which gave to the colonists a stand- 
ing amongst the nations of the earth, their days and nights were 
given to watching, to fighting and to prayer. They had already 
endured all that men could endure — sufi"ered all that men could 
suffer — borne all that men could bear ; and now, with the fire of 
liberty kindled in their souls, they gathered their forces and con- 
secrated their lives, their property and their all to the cause that 
to them was dearer than all others. 

There are names that we have inscribed high on the roll of 
fame; there are names which we revere above all other names on 
earth — names that w^e associate with all that is most sacred to 
freemen, and which will live in the councils of our nation while 
we have a national existence. In the constellation of names which 
succeeding generations delight to remember and honor, none 
are brighter than those of Washington, Jefferson, Hancock, 



AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 



45 




GREAT SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES. 



fTS HISTORY is one of peculiar interest, and therefore we 
feel Avarranted in giving more details of its design and history 
than can be allotted to the Seals of the several States, 
Soon after the Declaration of Independence, Benjamin Franklin, 
John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson were appointed a committee 
to prepare a great seal for the infant republic ; and they employed 
a French West Indian, named Du Simitiere, not only to furnish 
designs, but also to sketch such devices as were suggested by 
themselves. In one of his designs, the artist displayed on a shield 
the armorial ensigns of the several nations from whence America 
had been peopled — embracing those of England, Scotland, Ireland, 
France. Germany, and Holland. On one side was placed Liberty 
with her cap, and on the other was a rifleman in uniform, with 
his rifle in one hand and a tomahawk in the other — the dress 
and weapons being peculiar to America. 

Franklin proposed, for the device, Moses lifting his wand, and 
dividing the Red Sea, and Pharaoh and his hosts overwhehned 
with the waters. For a motto, the words of Cromwell, " Rebellion 
to tyrants is obedience to God." 

Adams proposed the Choice of Hercules ; the hero resting on a 
club, Virtue pointing to her rugged mountain on one hand, and 



AMERICAN citizen's TREASURE HOUSE. 65 



THE WAY WE ARE GOVERNED. 



f'^ROM the nature of the Federal compact which unites the 
i several States of this Union under one National Govern- 
ment, each State retains, to a great extent, its inde- 
pendent, individual sovereignty. Every citizen of eacli of the 
United States is, therefore, at the same time subject to the 
authority of two distinct governments, administered by three 
separate classes of agents, Legislative, Executive and Judicial, 
each with powers peculiar to itself. 

The Legislative authority of the General Government is 
vested in a Congress of the United States, consisting of a Senate 
and House of Representatives, meeting at Washington upon the 
first Monday of December in each year. 

The Senate is composed of two members from each State, 
chosen, either by joint ballot or concurrent vote of the respective 
Legislatures, for the term of six years. 

No person can be elected Senator, unless he be thirty years old, 
has been nine years a citizen of the L^nited States, and be, at the 
time of his election, an inhabitant of the State for which he is 
chosen. 

The Vice-President of the United 'States is President of the 
Senate, having a casting vote in case of an eepial division of its 
members. In case he be acting as President of the United States, 
be absent, or deceased, a president pro tempore is chosen. 

The House of Representatives is composed of members elected 
directly by the people of their various Districts, for the term of 
two years only ; commencing (except in case of vacancies being 
filled) on the fourth day of March. The number of members to 
which each State is entitled, varies greatly with its population ; 



92 



MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND 



POPULATION OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES, 

1790-1870. 



STATES AND 


AGGREGATE. 






TERRITORIES. 


1870. 


I860. 


1850. 


1840. 


1830. 


1820. 


1810. 


1800. 


1790. 


Alabama 


996992 
484471 
560247 

537454 
125015 
187748 
1184109 
2539891 
1680637 
1191792 

364399 

1321011 

726915 

626915 

780894 

1457351 

I184059 

439706 

827922 

1721295 

122993 

42491 

318300 

906096 

4382759 
1071361 
2665260 
90239 
3521791 

217353 

765606 

1258520 

818579 

230551 

1225163 

442014 

1054670 

9658 

39864 

14181 

13 1 700 

14999 
20595 
91874 
86786 


694201 
435450 
379994 
460147 
112216 
140424 
1057286 
1711951 
1350428 

674913 
107206 

1155684 
708002 
628279 
687049 

1231066 

749113 
172023 

791305 

1182012 

28841 

6857 

326073 

672035 

3880735 
992622 

23395" 
52465 

2906215 
174620 
703708 

1109801 
6042 1 5 
315098 

1596318 


771623 
209897 

92597 
370792 

91532 
87445 
90618; 
851470 
988416 
192214 


590756 
97574 


309527 
30388 


127901 
14273 
























Connecticut .. 
Delaware 


309978 
78085 

54477 
691392 
476183 
685866 

43112 


297675 
76748 
34730 
516823 
15744s 
343031 


275248 
72749 


261942 
72674 


251002 
64273 


237946 
59,096 


Georgia 


340989 
55211 
147178 


252433 
12282 
24520 


162686 


82,548 


Indiana 


5641 




Kansas 












Kentucky 


982405 
517762 
583169 
583034 
994514 
397654 
6077 
606526 
682044 


779828 
3524H 
501793 
470019 

737699 
212267 


687917 
215739 
399455 
447040 
610408 
31639 


654317 
153407 
298335 
407350 
523287 
8896 


4065 II 

76356 

228705 

380546 

472040 

4762 


22095S 


73,677 


Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 


151719 
341548 
422845 


96,540 
319,728 
378,787 








Mississippi 

Missouri 


375651 
383702 


136621 
140455 


75448 
66586 


40302 
20485 


8850 






...'... 




Nevada 


] 












N. Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New York 

NorthCarolina 
Ohio 


317076 
489555 

3097394 
869039 

1980329 
13294 

2311786 

147545 
668507 

10027 I 7 
212592 
314120 

1421661 


284574 
373306 

2428821 
753416 

1519467 


269328 
320823 
1918608 
737987 
937903 


244161 

277575 
1372812 
638829 
581434 


214460 
245562 
959049 
555500 
230760 


183858 
211149 
589051 
478103 

45365 



141,885 
184,139 
340,120 
393.751 


Pennsylvania - 
Rhode Island. 
South Carolina 
Tennessee 


1724033 
108830 
594398 
829210 


1348233 
97199 
581185 
681904 


1049458 

83059 

502741 

422823 


810091 

76931 

415115 

261727 


602365 

69122 

345591 

105602 


434.373 
68,825 

249,073 
35,691 


Vermont 

Virginia 

W. Virginia 


291948 
1239797 


280652 
12 II 405 


235981 
1065366 


217895 
974600 


154465 
880200 


85.425 
747,610 


775881 


305391 


30945 






















34277 
4837 
75080 














Dakota 















Dist. Columbia 
Idaho 


51687 


_ 43712 


39834 


33039 


24023 14093 




















93516 61547 








! 




I'tah 








1 






11594 




. 




1 1 








1 1 




Total 


^ 


1 i ' ""' 






38555983 


31443321 


23191876 


17069453 


12866020 


9638453 


7239881 


5,308483 


3929,214 



AMERICAN citizen's TREASURE HOUSE. 89 



OUR COUNTRY 



Our country ! — 'tis a glorious land ! 

With broad arms stretch'd from shore to shore, 
The proud Pacific chafes her strand, 

She hears the dark Atlantic roar ; 

And, nurtur'd on her ample breast, 

How many a goodly prospect lies. 
In Nature's wildest grandeur drest, 

Enamel'd with her loveliest dyes. 

Rich prairies deck'd with flowers of gold, 

Like sunlit oceans roll afar ; 
Broad lakes her azure heavens behold, 

Reflecting clear each trembling star, 

And mighty rivers, mountain-born, 
Go sweeping onward, dark and deep. 

Through forests where the bounding fawn 
IJeneath their sheltering branches leap. 

And cradled 'mid her clustering hills, 
Sweet vales in dreamlike beauty hide, 

Where love the air with music fills, 
And calm content and peace aljide ; 

For plenty here her fullness pours 

In rich profusion o'er the land. 
And sent to seize her generous store, 

There prowls no tyrant's hireling band. 




Washington Monument. 



AMERICAN citizen's TREASURE HOUSE. 




> mtstl 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

T T 
a^'JPASSACHUSETTS was settled in the year 1620, by the 

!XK, Puritans. These people, having been severely persecuted 
in England, had previously taken refuge in Holland ; but 
for various reasons they determined, after remaining in Holland 
a season, to emigrate to the New World. They started at a very 
unpropitious season, arriving at New England in the winter. 
The severity of the climate and the scarcity of food at times, ope- 
rated seriously against their comfort and progress. It is said that 
they were frequently threatened with starvation. At one time the 
entire company had but one pint of Indian corn, which being 
divided equally among them, allowed to each person eight grains. 
But, unlike the early settlers of A'irginia, they were all working 
men, and good economists. From the time of the landing at 
Plymouth up to 1691, this first settlement was known as the Ply- 
mouth Colony. Meantime another settlement had been formed, 
styled the Massachusetts Colony. Both were for some years under 
the control of a London company. In 1691 Massachusetts and 
Plymouth Colonies were united, and thenceforward their history is 
one. The people of Massachusetts were, during the early part of 
their colonial existence, sorely vexed, at times, by the Indians, 
especially by the Pequods. They, unfortunately, had imbibed, 
during their own persecutions, too much of the spirit of conscrip-' 
tion and, although themselves refugees from religious bigotry, 
sullied much of their history prior to the Revolution by punishing 
what they called heresy in the Quakers and Baptists. During 
1774 and 1775, Massachusetts took a very prominent part in favor 
of colonial rights, and was the first State to manifest the spirit of 
resentment toward Great Britain. 



144 



MASTER SPIRITS OK THE AGE, AND 




VIRGINIA. 



€4^ 




HE Old Dominion," so distinguished as being the 
native State of the Father of American Liberty, and the 
" Mother of Presidents," really seemed at one time to be 
peculiarly favorable to the birth and development of statesmen. 
It has furnished no less than five Presidents, among whom are 
Washington, Monroe, Madison and Jefferson. It was the first 
Colony, on the Continent, settled by the English. In 1607, a com- 
pany formed under the patronage of James I. obtained a grant to 
make settlements in America, between the 34th and 38th degrees 
of north latitude. In May, 1607, a colony of one hundred and 
five persons, under direction of this company, arrived off the coast 
of South Virginia. Their intention had been to form a settlement 
on Roanoke, now in North Carolina; but being driven north by 
a violent storm, they discovered and entered the mouth of Chesa- 
peake Bay. Passing up this bay they named its capes Henry 
and Charles, in honor of the king's two sons. They were com- 
manded by Capt. Christopher Newport, an experienced navigator. 
Passing up James River, they arrived at a peninsula, upon which 
they landed and established Jamestown. 

After promulgating a code of laws which had been formed by 
the London company, Capt. Newport sailed for England, leaving 
the colony under the care of Capt. John Smith, whose subsequent 
relations to the settlement became so important, and without 
whose efforts the enterprise would doubtless have proved a faiU 
ure. The colonists seem to have been very poorly adapted to the 



AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 



16- 




TEXAS. 



f|VONCE De LEON and La Salle explored the territory of 
-''^ Texas. After Mexico became independent of Spain, a 
grant which had been made to Moses Austin, a native of 
Connecticut, comprising a large tract of this province, was con- 
firmed by the new Republic ; and, being transferred by Moses 
Austin, at his death, to his son Stephen, was subsequently en- 
larged by a further grant. Emigration from the United States was 
encouraged, and in 1830 nearly ten thousand Americans were 
settled in Texas. The prosperity of these inhabitants excited the 
jealousy of Mexico, and under the administration of Santa Anna, 
an unjust, oppressive policy was adopted toward Texas. Remon- 
strance proving useless, the people of the territory declared them- 
selves independent. I'he revolution began in 1835, by a battle at 
Gonzales, in which five hundred Texans defeated over one thou- 
sand Mexicans. Other engagements followed; the result of which 
was the dispersion of the IMexican army. Santa Anna now re- 
doubled his efforts, and appearing in March, 1835, with a force 01 
eight thousand men, several bloody battles followed. On the 21st 
of April, having under his immediate command one thousand and 
five hundred men, he was met by General Sam. Houston, with 
eight hundred men, and totally defeated, on the banks of the San 
Jacinto. Santa Anna himself Avas captured the next day in the 
woods, when he acknowledged the independence of Texas, though 
the Mexican Congress refused to ratify the act. Active hostilities, 
however, were now abandoned, and the independence of Texas 
was acknowledged by the United States, Great Britain and other 
European countries. It was in this condition of things that 



AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 





ILLINOIS. 

jHIS most thriving and prosperous State came into the 
Union on the 3d of December, 181 8. Until 1809 it was a 
"^ part of Indiana, at which time it became a separate terri- 
tory, and so remained till received into the Union. This State 
has been little disturbed by civil divisions or by Indian wars. Its 
Biost serious troubles arose from the appearance within its bor- 
ders of the Mormons, in 1838, and from attempts made to curb 
their irregularities. This singular people, believing themselves to 
be ill-treated, assembled to the number of 700, under their leaders, 
in a remote part of the State, and proposed fighting for their 
rights. But a body of three hundred troops marched against 
iind captured them. The whole sect was ultimately reduced to 
submission and banished the State. The territory was explored 
by La Salle and settled by the French at Kaskaskia (the first 
capital of Illinois, located on the Kaskaskia River, and the present 
isite of Vandalia), in 1720. Its growth has been immense. 

Illinois is the richest agricultural State in the Union, with no 
waste or poor soil. The soil of the ''bottoms," or river valley, 
extending for five or six miles back from the Mississippi River, is 
made entirely of deposits from the river in times of flood ; and in 
some cases the mold so formed is twenty-five feet deep, and of 
inexhaustible richness. The yield of Indian corn in these valley 
lands is enormous ; amounting often to a hundred bushels per 
acre. In dairy products Illinois is surpassed by but three States 
in the Union — New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio. 

In corn and wheat she has steadily held her position as the 
leading State, for the last fifteen years ; while in all her other 
staples she is constantly increasing. Her prairies are the grandest, 
richest, most extensive and beautiful in the United States. Her 



AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. I91 





KANSAS. 

BOUT the development of this young State cluster some 
of the most important events of American history. Its 
territorial organization, by the passage of the Kansas- 
Nebraska Bill, in 1 85 4, re-opened the agitation of the slavery 
(juestion, which, seeming to have acquired fresh vigor and viru- 
lence from the sleep it had enjoyed under the Missouri Compro- 
mise, thoroughly aroused the old animosities between the pro-an4 
anti-slavery elements of our national politics. From 1854 to 1857 
it was the theater of political tragedies, the bare mention of which 
may well put the blush of shame upon even the most fool-hardy 
partisan. 

The Territory made application to Congress, in 1857, for a place 
in the Union, but the Constitution under which it asked admission 
(the one framed at Lecompton) was known to be a fraudulent 
affair, and hence Kansas was rejected. The discussion of this 
Constitution caused a permanent division of the Democratic party. 
The Constitution was rejected by the people of Kansas by a ma- 
jority of 10,000. Kansas was, however, received into the Union, 
in 1 86 1, under a free State Constitution, formed at Topeka. 

The surface of the country is uniform, with no mountains, 
sloughs, swamps, marsh lands or lakes. The soil is rich and pro- 
ductive, the climate mild and healthy. For all agricultural products 
it is one of the finest States west of the Mississippi. Corn and all 
small grains yield abundantly. It promises also to be a great fruit 
State when older. Rapid progress is being made in internal improve- 



AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 



197 




CALIFORNIA 

'^\k!P''J\^^AS admitted into the Union on the 7th of September, 



'xtf^ 1850. The alarming discussion which occurred upon 
i i the question of admission was what gave rise to the 
compromise measures of 1S50, popularly styled the Oj'duibiis Bill. 
General Fremont, with a small but dauntless band of rangers, 
conquered California in 1S46, having defeated, on frequent occa- 
sions, vastly superior forces of Mexicans. Its resources as a 
farming country early attracted attention. But when, in February, 
1848, it was published that gold in quantities had been found on 
a branch of the Sacramento, the swarm of emigrants which rushed 
in, comprising representatives from every State in the Union, and 
from nearly all the nations of Europe, was almost incalculable. 
From a small village, San Francisco was rapidly inflated to a 
large city In many places towns sprang up like mushrooms. 
Owing to the fact that its population has been thrown hastily 
together, from so many places, and in consequence of the want of 
a government, California was, for some time, the scene of many 
dark crimes and hideous outrages. Never was the want of whole- 
some legal restraint more keenly felt than here. The Constitution 
of California was framed by a convention of delegates in 1849. 

It is a wild and broken country, mountainous and rugged, 
traversed by both the Sierra Nevadas and the coast range. The 
valleys, long neglected for the mines, are again being cultivated 
and brought to a, high degree of fertility and productiveness. 
The gold mines are too well known to need any description. 
They furnish annually to the Government seventy to eighty 
million dollars in gold. The climate of talifornia varies greatly 




PATENT OFFICE AT WASHINGTON. 





iiii! :sjS'^i 





HK WHITE- HOUSE AT WASH 1N( /ION. 



AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 



ARIZONA TERRITORY. 

^/^^,Y act of Congress, approved February 24, 1S63, Arizona 
r>^^v) ^^'"^^ organized, embracing " all that part of the present 
^K^^ territory of New Mexico situate west of a line running 
due south from the point where the southwest corner of the Ter- 
ritory of Colorado joins the northern boundary of the Territory 
of New Mexico, to the southern boundary of said Territory," con- 
taining an estimated area of 131,000 square mil^s. It is thinly 
settled by natives of Mexico and emigrants from different States 
of the Union, besides containing a large number of Indians of a 
warlike character. The right of suffrage and territorial organiza- 
tion similar to those of New Mexico, with the provision, " that 
there shall neither be slaves nor involuntary servitude in said Ter- 
ritory." This Territory is rich in gold, silver, copper and other 
minerals, while the soil is mostly sterile except in the few valleys 
susceptible of irrigation. Arizona, proper, was acquired by treat^ 
with Mexico known as the " Gadsden Treaty," and ratified \ 
June, 1864. 

Few marks of civilization are found here, and neither Christ- 
ianity nor education has smoothed away the rough, half-savage 
characteristics of the inhabitants, who are Spanish, half-breeds, 
Indians and miners, gathered from the refuse of all States, many, 
or most of them, desperadoes and outcasts, with here and there, 
in the agricultural districts, an American settler. Their towns are 
closely like the Mexican, with miserable, unburnt brick huts, where 
filth and S'.pialor reign supreme. Scattered through the Territory 
are ruins of fortifications and castles and ancient churches whose 
ruins give everywhere proof of their having been devoted to idol 
•worship, while here and there, half covered with mould, and almost 
hidden by rank vegetation and tangled vines, which creep over 
them as if in ])ity for their hideous ugliness, lie the shattered gods 
of the people who once dwelt here, a lordly but barbarous race, 
of whom not a vestige remains. Arizona Mas formerly a })art of 
Mexico, mitil purchased by the United States. Population 9,65s, 





Cincinnati and Covington Suspension Bridge* 

View taken from the Covington Side of the Kiver. 



Main Span, 1057 feet. 

Length of Bridge, 2252 feet. 

Height from Low Water, 100 feet 

Height of Towers, 230 feet. 

Towers, at base, 86 by 52. 

) n the two cables are 10360 wires. 



iJiameter of the Cables, 12X inche>, 

one million pounds. 
Amount of Lumber, 500,000 feet. 
Strength of Bridge, 16,300 tuns. 
Width of Bridge in the clear, 36 feet. 
I Total cost, $1,750,000. 



k-eighii 



AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HcJUSE. 



167 




TENNESSEE, 

^'^^fOR some time, was a part of North Carolina. It was 

f( made a territorial government in the year 1790, and vv'as 
admitted into the Union in 1796. The first permanent 
white inhabitants of Tennessee went there in the year 1775, and 
built Fort Loudon, now in Blount county. They were, in 1760, 
attacked by the savages, and two hundred persons were massacred. 
But, in 1767, the natives were reduced to submission by Colonel 
Grant, and a treaty was made with them, which encouraged emi- 
gration. Settlements were formed on Holston River in 1765, 
which, although frequently attacked by the Indians, made very 
fair })rogress. Colonel John Sevier, with the Tennessee militia 
and a few ^Virginia soldiers, gained a decisive victory over the 
savages, and from this time forward, though more or less harrassed 
by the Indians, the progress of the State, in population and im- 
provement, was rapid. North Carolina gave up the territory in 
1789, and in 1790 Congress recognized it as a separate province. 
It has great extent of territory, and up to 1861, was considered 
as among the greatest of the agricultural States. ■ 

Its staple products are cotton, tobacco and corn. The mineral 
resources of Tennessee are not yet developed to any e.vtent, but 
they are rich in quality, and limitless in quantity, and will be a 
source of boundless wealth to the State. In the mountains, easy 
of access, are endless stores of copper, zinc, sandstone, iron, and 



140 MASTER spirit: OF THE WORLD, AND 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

t 
lyi)Y^HE District, originally ten miles square, now embraces an 

^yB;' area of but sixty square miles. It is the seat of our Na- 
\y^^ tional Government, and lies at the head of tide water, on 
the east side of the Potomac River. It includes both the cities 
of Washington and Georgetown. Until the year 187 1 it was 
governed by Congress, but in that year a law was passed giving 
the District the control of its own affairs. At the time that war 
was declared between the Colonies and Great Britain, Philadel- 
phia was the Capital of the new territory, and continued to be 
so until 1783. At that time some difficulty arose between a band of 
dissatisfied soldiers, who marched to the hall where Congress was in 
session, forced the doors of the building, and in a violent and in- 
sulting manner demanded the back pay due them, amounting to a 
considerable sum, and which it was not then in the power of the 
Government to pay. The outrage pressed upon their attention 
the subject, already under consideration, of a better site for the 
Capitol, removed from the seat of war and beyond danger of a 
recurrence of such scenes. It was proposed that it be located on 
the banks of the Delaware or Potomac river, and in December, 
1788, Delaware, through its legislature, offered Congress the 
necessary ground, provided it did not cover to exceed ten miles 
square. The matter was debated in Congress, and the North and 
South, then, as since, divided upon almost every question, clam- 
ored like two spoiled children for the location of the new build- 
ings. The House of Representatives at one time declared the 
Capital should be in Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna, at which 
the South demurred. Germantown was next proposed — voted 
upon by the House, and carried by a vote of 31 to 19. The fur- 
ther consideration of the matter Avas then postponed until the 
next session of Congress, and so, for the time, Germantown was 
the Capital. The South was very much excited over the state of 
affairs ; the North was anything but pleased with it, and in De- 
cember, 1789, Virginia ceded a district to Congress on the Poto- 



^ AMERICAN CITIZKN's TREASURE HOUSE. 87 

second to no power in the world. In river and harbor improve- 
ment, in canals and railroads, nothing that industry and enter- 
prise, united to almost limitless capital could accomplish, has been 
left undone. Continuous lines of railroad span the continent from 
the " rock bound coast " of the Atlantic to the blue waters ®f the 
Pacific, and from the lakes of the north to the gulf that breaks 
upon our southern coast, and forty thousand miles of iron track 
girdle the States in every possible direction ; while high over 
wood and prairie, over stream and hill, over mountain and valley 
the dark wires of the telegraph stretch out, bearing with an unseen, 
unheard and mysterious power, Avords of peace or tidings of war — 
joy and gladness to one hearth, sorrow and desolation to another. 
With all his wisdom and far-seeing sagacity, Franklin never 
prophesied how great results would follow the experiments which 
to common minds seemed but the vague vision of an idealist. 
Later, Morse brought the art to what seems to us a glorious per- 
fection, but in the unborn years before us, other master minds, 
profiting by what philosophy has already proven, will carry on the 
well begun work. 

To our public, or common schools America owes her greatness, 
since to strength of developed muscles is added strength of 
developed and cultivated intellect, and ample and generous pro- 
vision for the education of every child has been made. Our 
system of to-day is the system which was established by the Pil- 
grim Fathers, who, fleeing from the ignorance and superstition of 
the old world, kindled the flame of general knowledge, and set the 
light on a hill where it cannot be hid ; and succeeding generations 
have fed the sacred fire until to-day it lights the world. Fellow 
laborer with the free school is the free press. Thank (iod for the 
free, unfettered press, whose voice is potent to break the chains 
of tyranny and thunder its denunciations at abuse and wrong, and 
demand the execution of justice, even while it advocates mercy. 

With that commendable prudence and wisdom which marked 
the course pursued by the " Fathers of the Republic," every 
citizen is left free and untrameled by bigotry or prejudice, "to 
worship God after the dictates of his own heart," and in doing 
this, that man must be callous indeed that cannot, in some 
religious denomination, find a home till such time as he is called 
to "come up higher." 



MASTER SPIRITS OF THE V/ORLD, AND 



PRE-EMPTION LAWS. 



/i^ PRE-EMPTION right is the right of a squatter upon the 

# lands of the United States to purchase, in preference to 
others, when the land is sold. Such right is granted to the 
following persons : Any citizen of the United States ; any person 
who has filed his declaration of intention to become a citizen ; 
any head of a family ; any widow ; any single woman of the age 
of twenty-one years or over , and any person who has made a 
settlement, erected a dwelling-house upon, and is an inhabitant of 
the tract sought to be Qn\.Qxed.—J)rovidcd such settlement was made 
since June i, 1S40, and previously to the time of application for 
the land, which land must, at the date of the settlement, have had 
the Indian title extinguished, and been surveyed by the United 
States. 

A person bringing himself within the above requirements by 
proof satisfactory to the Register and Receiver of the land district 
in which the land may lie, taken pursuant to the rules hereafter 
prescribed, will, after having taken the affidavit required by the 
Act, be entitled to enter, by legal subdivisions, any number of acres, 
not exceeding one hundred and sixty, or a quarter-section, to in- 
clude his residence ; and he may avail himself of the same at any 
time prior to the day of the commencement of the public sale, 
including said tract, where the land has not yet been proclaimed. 

Where the land Avas subject to private entry, June i, 1840, and 
a settlement shall thereafter be made upon such land, or where 
the land shall become hereafter subject to private entry, and after 
that period a settlement shall be made, which the settler is desir- 
ous of securing, notice of such intention must be given within 
thirty days after such settlement ; and, in all such cases, the proof, 
affidavit and payment must be made within twelve months after 
such settlement. 



AMERICAN citizen's •IREASUKK HOUSE 75. 



THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES 



,/jP^5J0NSISTS of a Senate and House of Representatives, and 
\vli?, must assemble at least once every year, on the first JMon- 
^^ day of December, unless otherwise jirovided by law. 

The Vice-President of the United States is ex-ofificio President 
<yf the Senate, and has a casting vote in case of an equal division. 
In his absence, a President pro tern, is chosen from among the 
members. 

The Senate comprises two members from each State (now num- 
bering 74), who are chosen by the State legislatures for the term 
of six years — one-third biennially. 

The members of the House of Representatives (limited by law 
to the number of 234) are elected by the people for the term of 
two years, and are apportioned among the several States, accord- 
ing to ])opulation, in the following manner : After each decennial 
enumeration, the aggregate representative population of the United 
States is ascertained by the Secretary of the Interior, by counting 
the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not 
taxed. This aggregate is divided by 233, and the quotient, reject- 
ing fractions, if any, is the rate of apportionment. The represen-- 
tative population of each State is then ascertained in the same 
manner, and is divided by the above-named ratio, the quotient 
giving the apportionment of representatives to each State. The 
loss by fractions is compensated for by assigning to as many 
States having the largest fractions as may be necessary to make the 
whole number of representatives 234, one additional member each 
for its fraction. If, after the apportionment, new States are admit- 
ed, representatives are assigned to such States on the above basis,, 
in addition to the limited number of 234; but such excess con- 




flEXERAL POST OFFICE AT WASHINGTON; 




TREASURY BUILDING AT WASHINGTON. 



AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. S^ 

The people of the United States are from every land and every 
clime under the sun. In a few of the States you can trace, through 
ihe established habits and customs of the people, the origin of the 
first settlers but in most places, the emigration from foreign lands 
constantly changes the characteristics of the inhabitants. The 
New England States, settled by the Puritans, retain something of 
their prim severity of manners. Maryland was settled by the 
Catholics, and they have always been, and still are, the strongest 
religious denomination in the State. Pennsylvania was settled by 
Quakers and Germans, Louisiana by the French, and Texas and 
California by Spanish. An immense number of Chinese have 
found homes on the western slopes of the continent, and promise 
to become useful citizens. 

The agricultural interests of the Republic, already stupendous, 
are constantly increasing, and one looks over the statistics of pro- 
duce of farm and garden in a bewildered way as he fails to grasp 
or comprehend the figures that testify truthfully of our national 
wealth, industry and })rosperity. Indian corn is and always wiii 
be a staple product. In 1862, the number of bushels raised by 
■seven of the Middle States, amounted to 482,250,800. Illinois 
alone produced 125,500,000. In the scale of importance, wheat 
stands next to corn, and the yield of 1862 counts up 264,146,950. 

American wheat received the prize medal at the London exhibi- 
tion. There is no question but ours is the best grown in the world. 
Rye, barley and oats are grown in all the States, also buckwheat, 
peas and beans, and as a field crop the two latter grow in import- 
ance every year. Rice is produced in all the Southern States, 
and has been grown in the Middle States, though it can never be 
made a profitable crop there, since the soil is too dry. The yield 
in i860 Avas 187,140,173 pounds. In this, South Carolina leads 
off, having produced that year 119,100,528. The potato ranks 
next to corn and wheat. In 1869 the number of bushels grown of 
this favorite vegetable was 133,886,000. Hay, also is a valuable 
crop, and hops, as the demand increases, are receiving favorable 
notice. Tobacco is raised in almost every State in the Union, 
flourishing upon every soil and giving profitable returns for little 
labor. The crop of i860 amounted to 429,390,771 pounds. 

Sugar cane is raised in all of the Southern States, and the 
manufacture of sugar and molasses has long been a leading 



AMERICAN citizen's TREASURE HOUSE. 277 



FOREIGN POSTAGE. 



■ ,M 5 1 5* of 



r/.f. cis. 

Austria — Via North German Union, direct *6. . 3 

do closed mail, via England *0-_ 4 

Australia — Victoria, (Port Philip,) Brit. Mail via Southampton \\1 . . 6 

do via Marseilles 22- -10 

do via San Francisco :f 10- - 2 

ASI'INWALL - 10-. 2 

Bel(-.ium and the Netherlands - - - f 10. _ 4 

Brazil — via England 2S_ 4 

do via Am. packet, nionthly from N. Y 1."),. % 

Canada — Dominion of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and I'rince 

Edward Island, [letters, if unpaid, 10 cts] (j_. 2 

China — American packet, via .San Francisco 10.. 3 

do French mail 

do British mail (except Hong Kong) via Southampton '28.- 8 

do (except Hong Kong) via Marseilles IJoO.. 3 

<lo via North German Union direct 24. _12 

do closed mail via England 27.-13 

Chili — British mail via Panama 22-- 6 

CriiA— 10.- 2 

Constantinople — via N. German Union direct- - *12-- 7 

do closed mail via England *15-- 8 

do via England-- 28. -|6 

Denmark — via N. German Union direct (if prepaid, 9 cts.) *li). . 6 

do closed mail via England, (prepaid, 10 cts.) *1;J-- 7 

East Indies — British mail via Southampton 22--:t^5 

do via Marseilles 28. .10 

do N. German Union direct 24- .12 

do closed mail via England . 27 

do via San Francisco 10-- 2 

P'c;yi'T — (Lower, excluding Alexandria,) via N. German Union direct. *17-. SS 
do (Lower, excluding Alexandria,) via England *20.-10 

France — I^irect mail 10. .IS 

do via England 4 

Frankfort — via North Cierman Union, direct *7.- 3 

do via N. German Union, closed mail via Eng *10 4 

Germa.N .States — via North German Union direct (6-. 3 

do via N. Ger. Un., closed mail via England, including Baden, 
Hanover, Hamburg, Bremen, Brunswick, Saxe AUenljurg, 
Saxe Coburg, Gotha, Meinengen, Weimar, Saxony, .Schlcs- 
wig, Holstein, Mecklenburg, Wurtemburg, Cuxhaven, 
Bavaria, Lubec, Luxemburg *7-. 4 

ORKAT Britaln — including England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland *6-. 2 

I^^For eveiy newspaper not exceeding 4 oz. in weight, 2 cts. 

Holland — *15 - . 4 

do via Bremen or Hamburg . *10- . 

Honduras — - 

Belize, British Honduras, American packet, via New Orleans *12-- 2 

1 loNG Konc, — via Southampton 28-. 6 

do via Marseilles- 86-. 8- 

American packet, via San Francisco 10-- 2- 



A?>[ERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 



229 



You have no right to close your eyes to danger that threatens 
your country and say you are neutral ; for be sure neutrality is 
either cowardice, treason, or ignorance ; and society, both social, 
religious, and political, has far more to dread from an army of 
neutrals than from an army Avho throw their colors to the breeze 
and declare the ground on whick they have taken their stand. 
Never forget for one moment, whether you be leader or private 
in the army, that tJie majority rule, and that if the majority is 
on the side of wrong, wrong will triumph. Study not only to 
throw the weight of your vote on the side of right, but throw 
your influence there, with all the strength and force you can 
gather. The people have it in their power to rule for good. 
Woe to that nation where ignorance has covered the land with 
mourning and her sons have sold their birthright of liberty for 
a dish of pottage, and see an usurper wear the glory that was 
their heritage, without a sigh or pang of regret. 

To the voters of America is entrusted the holiest treasure that 
man was ever enjoined to guard — the liberty of our country and 
the protection of our republican principles and institutions. How 
well it has been preserved in the past, the proud position which 
she holds in the rank of nations tells more eloquently than writ- 
ten or spoken Avords. Whether we shall go on from victory to 
\ictory, crowned more and still more royally with the luster of 
great deeds, until she shall be a light to the nations who sit in 
darkness, depends upon you who hold in your hands the power 
10 make her what you will, and whose votes must decide her 
^destiny. 




240 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND 

- Increased Pensions to JVu/o7i's, and Orphan Children Under Six- 
teen Years of Age. — The second section of this act allows to 
those who are or shall be pensioned as widows of soldiers or 
sailors two dollars per month additional pension for each child 
(under sixteen years of age) of the deceased soldier or sailor by 
the widow thus pensioned. 

On the death or remarriage oT such widow, or on the denial of 
a pension to her, in accordance with the provisions of section 
eleven of the Act of June six, eighteen hundred and sixty-six, the 
same amount to which she would otherwise be entitled, under this 
and previous provisions, is allowed to the minor children. The 
number and names of the children, with their ages, must be 
proved by the affidavits of two credible and disinterested wit- 
nesses. The provisions of this section only include the children 
of the widow, and not those of her deceased husband by a previous 
marriage. The widows of minor children of officers are not enti- 
tled to this increase. Declarations for an increase under this 
.section, if for the widov/, will be made in accordance with form 
H, appended hereto ; and if for minor children, according to 
form I. The pension certificate must be sent with all applica- 
tions filed subsequently to September four, eighteen hundred ^and 
sixty-six. 

Increase of Pensions luider Acts prior to July 4, 1862. — All pen- 
sioners under Acts approved prior to July fourteen, eighteen 
hundred and sixty-two, are, by the third section of the present 
act, granted the same rights as those pensioned under acts ap- 
proved at or since that date, so far as said Acts may be applicable, 
with the exception of soldiers of the Revolution or their widows. 
This section applies only to pensioners who were such at the date 
of the approval of this Act. 

Declaration of claimants under this section will be made in 
accordance with the forms previously issued under Act of July 
fourteen, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, and subsequent pension 
acts, with tlie necessary modifications, and the pension certificates 
will be returned. 

hn'alid Pensions of Claimants Dying 7cJiile their Applications arc 
Pending, the Pvidoice being Completed. — The fourtli section of this 
act is construed in connection with the tenth section of the Act 
of July four, eighteen hundred and sixty-four, and the sixth sec- 



tn 
n 



X 













iU 



^^ 



4^r 



374 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE AVORLD, AND 



STATISTICS OF THE GLOBE. 



ifT/f^HE earth is inhabited by about 1300 millions of inhabit- 
Jv^ ants, viz : 

^T^ 360,000,000 of the Caucassian race ; 

550,000,000 of the Mongolian; 
190,000,000 of the Ethiopian; 
200,000,000 of the Malay races, and 
1,000,000 of the American Indian. 
All these respectively speak 3,064 languages and possess 1,000 
different religions. 

The amount of deaths per annum is 33,333,333, or 91,954 per 
d'lV ; 3,7.50 per hour; 60 per minute, or one per second. This 
loss is compensated by an ecjual number of births. 

The average duration of life throughout the globe is thirty- 
three years. One-fourth of its population dies before the seventh 
year, and one-half before the seventeenth. Out of 10,000 per- 
sons only one reaches his hundredth year; only one in 500 his 
eightieth ; and only one in 100 his sixty-fifth. 

Married people live longer than unmarried ones, and a tall man 
is likely to live longer than a short one. Until the fiftieth year, 
■women have a better chance of life than men ; but beyond that 
period the chances are equal. 

Sixty-five persons out of one thousand, marry. The months of 
June and V December are those in which marriages are most 
frequent. 

Children born in s])ring are generally stronger than those born 
in other seasons. 

Births and deaths chiefly occur in the night. 
The number of men able to bear arms is but one-eighth of the 
population. 



AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 



589 



THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE. 



The elecloral vote for President in 1872 will be considerably greater than it 
A\ai: in 1S6S, under the previous apportionment. Many States have increased 
ilieir respective votes, and several States a\ hich did not vote at all in 1S68 will 
now take part in the election. The following table will show the electoral 
Aote in 1 868, with the popular majority in each State for Grant or Seymour, and 
rdso the number of votes to which each State will be entitled in 1872 : 



8 



AIal)ama 

.Arkansas 5 

California 5 

Connecticut G 

Delaware 

*Florida 8 

Cieorgia 

Illinois IG 

Indiana V6 

Iowa 8 

Kansas 3 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 7 

Maine 7 

^Maryland 

^Massachusetts 13 

Michigan 8 

r^Iinnesota 4 

M ississippi 

^Missouri 11 

Nebraska 3 

Nevada 3 

New Hampshire 5 

New Jersey , 

New York 

North Carolina <J 

Ohio 21 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 2G 

Rhode Island 4 

South Carolina 6 

Tennessee 10 

"•"Texas 

A'ermont 5 

*\'irginia 

West Virginia. 5 

^^'i-consin :.. 8 





Eh 


■ctoral 


Z'Cfc of 


'luour. 


majority. 


'63. 


'72- 


.. 


4380 


8 


10 


.. 


3074 


5 


6 


.. 


514 


5 


6 




3045 


G 


G 


3 


3357 


3 


3 


._ 




3 


4 


9 


45G88 


y 


11 


__ 


61150 


10 


31 


.. 


9573 


ij 


15 


.. 


4G9G3 


y 


11 




17030 





5 


ii 


76333 


11 


13 


.. 


469G3 


i 


8 


._ 


28030 


1 


7' 


7 


31919 


1 


8 




770G9 


13 


13 




81481 


8 


11 


.. 


15470 


4 


5 




• 


1 


8 


__ 


25883 


11 


15 




43!;0 


3 


3 




13G3 


b 


3 




G967 


5 


5 


7 


3880 


• 1 


9 


83 


10000 


l3 


So 




12136 


9 


10 


... 


41428 


21 


00 


3 


1G4 


b 


3 


.. 


28398 


2G 


29 


.. 


6445 


4 


4 


.. 


170G4 


G 


i 


.. 


3044G 


10 


10 


.. 


. 


G 


8 




33133 


5 


5 







10 


11 


.. 


8719 


5 


5 




24447 


8 


10 



Whole number 221 78 317 366 

_ Majority 159 134 

\otes necessary to a choice, 179. Grant's majority on popular vote, 309,568. 
The whole number of electors has been increased 49, and three States, which 
had 23 votes, did not vote in 1S68, — making 72 additional electoral votes. 



'■" Not votina 




p^ 



< 

< 



« 
S 

H 



AMERICAN citizen's TREASURE HOUSE. 28 1 



NATURALIZATION LAWS. 




*> 



<^ 



ATURALIZATION is the act by which an alien, or for- 
eigner, becomes invested with the rights and privileges of 
a native-born subject or citizen. In the United States, 
a person duly naturalized is entitled to all the privileges and im- 
munities of a native-born citizen, except that he must have been 
a resident of the United States for seven years, to enable him to 
occupy a seat in Congress, and that he is not eligible to the office 
of President or Vice-President, or, under the Constitution of some 
of the States, to that of Governor. 

Congress having the power, under the Constitution of the 
United States, to establish a uniform rule of naturalization, has 
provided by various enactments, as follows, viz. : Any alien, hav- 
ing arrived in the United States after the age of eighteen years, 
may be admitted to the rights of citizenship, after a declaration, 
upon his part, or oath or affirmation, before the Supreme, Supe- 
rior, District, or Circuit Court of, or any court of record having 
common law jurisdiction in, any of the United States, or of the 
territories thereto belonging, or before a Circuit or District Court 
of the United States, or the Clerk or Prothonotary of any of the 
aforesaid courts, two years at least before his admission, that it is his 
bona fide intention to become a citizen of the United States, and 
to renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign 
prince, potentate. State, or sovereignty whatever, and particularly 
by name, the prince, potentate, State, or sovereignty, whereof such 
alien may at any time have been a citizen or subject; if such 
alien has borne any hereditary title, or been of any of the orders 
of nobility in the kingdom or State from which he came, he must, 
moreover, expressly renounce his title or order of nobility, in the 
court in which his application is made, which renunciation is to 
be recorded in such county ; and the court admitting such alien 




Mt. Vernon — The Home of Washington. 



AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 305 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE PRES- 
IDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



GEORGE WASHINGTON. 



^>pN the line of march, whether progressive or retrogressive, 

fwe have been led through all ages by men who, by the 
strength of their intellect or the force of their will, or by a 
subtle power, inexpressible by words, but to which we yield almost 
insensibly, have proved themselves masters of the masses. If his 
instincts are pure, and his aims and tendencies elevated, his influ- 
ence upon the world will be beneficial ; if they are corrupt and 
degraded, while he grovels in the filth and slime of the dregs 
of social or national vices, he turns backward the wheel of 
the car of progress ; its motion is reversed, and the jar and shock 
is felt, it may be, to the ends of the earth, causing disastrous 
results to the generations following, even greater than to the 
present. A thousand men in the quiet walks of private life 
might practice the vices that are common to his age or sphere, 
and they would pass comparatively unnoticed ; but once he has 
stepped out from the masses and taken a position above them, 
the influence of his lightest act is a power for good or evil. 

With a desire to present, in a condensed form, sketches of the 
lives of those who may serve, by their virtues and admirable qual- 
ities of mind and habit, as models for our imitation, or whose 
vices, though brilliant, are repulsive enough to make them a warn- 
ing to him who reads even while he runs, we have chosen a few 
from almost every rank and profession of those whose names 
are bright on history's page, and whose services render it a i)]eas- 
ure to record their acts, while their virtues, far more than the 



MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND 



A TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF NEWSPAPERS 
AND PERIODICALS 



PUBLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES, TERRITORIES, DOiMINION OF 
CANADA AND BRITISH PROVINCES OF NORTH AMERICA. 



Alabama 

Arkansas 

California. 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

District of Columbia. 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois - 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

ISIaine 

^Maryland _ 

^Massachusetts 

JSIichigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

M issouri 

Nebraska 

Nevada -. 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont _ 

Virginia 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 



Territories . 



New Brunswick, D. C. 

Nova Scotia, D. C 

Ontario, D. C 

Quebec, D. C .- 



Semi- Bi- i semi- i Bi- Qua 

Daily. Wkly, Wkly. Wkly. Wkly.'M'thly M'thly M'thly terly. Total. 



9 

21 

131 
8 
4' 

211 



British Colonies. 
Totals 



581; 

13' 

I 

.3' 

3 

21 

13 

40' 

.3' 



Gti 

41 

139 

51 

13 

12 

21 

Stj 

371 

209 

231 

85 

7(i 

71 

48 

77 

105 

107 

85j 

75 



7 






31 


7 







« 


71 






39 


21; 




1' 


98 


.S9 


3 


18, 


Giia, 


al 


3 


4 


43 


~'h 


9 


5 


3(lli| 


r>, 




1 


25; 


(il 


2 


1' 


410 


<>, 




1 


18 


.5 


4 





42' 


12 


-1 


1 


79' 


ll 


8 


7 


95 • 


3 






SO 


l(i 


9' 


8 


71 


3 


1 


1 


49 


Iti 


2 


3 


105 



108' 4:M0 

I I 

4 50, 

I 20 

2 lilt) 

7 43 



247 
15 



()76j 

r 

i 

3 

21 
12 

37 



20 



129 4!>42 21' 100 



78 

51 

187 

87 

18 

25 

25 

123 

409 

2(W 

280 

112 

105 

90 

(iii 

9(i 

280 

139 

104 

93 

2ti9 

4li 

15 

.5ti 

138 

894 

G5 

411 

32 

584 

2f) 

.59 

104 

123 

44 

IKi 

5S 

201 



13 50 59!S3 

73 

1 20 

32 

1 1 213 

1 82 

1 3 3.>i 

I i 29 
Ci (U3S 




K 



V 



290 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND 



SOLDIERS' HOMESTEAD LAW 

OF 1872. 



!5r]|/^HE following is the full text of the Amendatory Soldiers' 
*V^? Homestead Bill, approved by the President on the 3d of 
^ April, 1872. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled, That every, pri- 
vate soldier and officer who has served in the army of the United 
States during the recent rebellion for ninety days or more, and 
Vv-ho was honorably discharged, and has remained loyal to the 
government, including the troops mustered into the service of the 
United States by virtue of the third section of an act entitled 
" An act making appropriations for completing the defenses of 
Washington, and for other purposes," approved February 13th, 
1862, and every seaman, marine and officer who has served in the 
navy of the United States, or in the marine corps, during the re- 
bellion for ninety days, and who was honorably discharged, and has 
remained loyal to the government, shall, on compliance with the 
provisions of an act entitled, " An act to secure homesteads to 
actual settlers on the public domain, and the acts amendatory 
thereof, as hereinafter modified, be entitled to enter upon and 
receive patents for a quantity of public lands (not mineral) not 
exceeding one hundred and sixty acres, or one quarter section, to 
be taken in compact form according to legal subdivision, including 
the alternate reserved section of public lands along the line of 
any railroad or other public work not otherwise reserved or ap- 
propriated, and other lands subject to entry under the homestead 
laws of the United States : Proznded, the said homestead settler 
shall be allowed six months after locating his homestead within 
which to commence his settlement and improvements : And pro- 
vided also, the time which the homestead settler shall have served 
in the army, navy or marine corps aforesaid shall be deducted 



MASTER SPIRITS OF THE AGE, AND 



PENSION LAWS. 



5?^^,ENSI0NS for officers, soldiers and sailors disabled in the 
service, and for the widows and children of officers, sol- 
^^ diers and sailors who have died in the service, have been 
liberally and carefully provided by Congress, 

The proper officials to whom all applications should be made, by 
letter or petition, in Washington, are, by a soldier having his dis- 
charge, to the Paymaster General ; when the discharge paper is 
lost, to the second Auditor of the Treasury ; when by those who 
represent a deceased person, to the second Auditor of the Treas- 
ury ; when for commutation of rations, to the same officer ; when 
for pensions, or any matter connected with pensions, to the Com- 
missioner of Pensions. 

Instructions have been prepared for all applicants, by the Com- 
missioner of Pensions for the purpose of preventing fraud or 
misunderstanding. They are, in substance : 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

By the act of Congress approved July 14th, 1862, and amenda- 
tory acts, pensions are granted as follows : 

1 . Invalids, disabled in the military or naval service of the United 
States, in the line of duty 

2. Widows ©f persons who have been killed or have died in the 
m.ilitary or naval service of the United States. 

3. Children under sixteen, of the classes of persons on account 
of whose death widows are entitled ; provided said widows have 
died, or have remarried. 

4. Mothers of all classes of persons on account of whose death 
v.-idows are entitled, provided said mothers were dependent on the 
deceased for support and no minor child survived. 

5. Fathers, the same as mothers, in case of the death of the 
latter. 



326 MASTER SPIRITS OK THE WORLD AND 



ANDREW JACKSON 



'■^^'EVENTH President of the United States. The fame of 

f" Old Hickory " is too far spread to need that my feeble 
powers be exerted to add to it one ray of luster. He 
was born at Waxhaw, Lancaster county, South Carolina, 1767, and 
manifested, from childhood, something of the martial spirit which 
made him the hero of New Orleans. 

One author said of him, with a spice of malice, that a more tur- 
bulent, roaring, rollicking youngster never lived than this same 
soldier and statesman. In 1790 he fixed his residence at Nash- 
ville, and married. In 1795 ^"^^ assisted in framing the Constitu- 
tion of Tennessee, and was sent to Congress as the first 
representative of the new State. Mr. Jackson studied law and 
practised it to a limited extent, but it is conceded, even by his 
warmest friends, that in this profession he was not " a success." 

In 1797 he was elected to the Senate of the United States, and 
upon the expiration of his term of office here, he was appointed 
Judge of the Supreme Court of Tennessee. In 1804 he resigned 
that office and retired to the " Hermitage," near Nashville. When 
war was proclaimed with Great Britain, in 181 2, he commanded the 
militia of his district, and in 1815 obtained the victory at New 
Orleans, which was the crowningglory of his military life. Three 
years later he made a successful campaign against the Indians in 
our Southern Territories and States. 

In 1812 he was appointed Governor of Florida, then a territory. 
In 1823 the appointment of Minister to Mexico was tendered to 
him, which he declined, but was elected as member of Congress 
from Tennessee. In 1S24 he received many votes for President, 
but was not elected until 1828, and was re-elected by an immense 
majority in 1832. In the spring of 1837, weary and worn with his 
active life, he gave to younger hands and brains the cares of State, 
and retired again to his beloved home, the " Hermitage," where 
he spent the remainder of his days in the peace and quiet which 
he had so well earned. His death occurred here, June 8th, 1S45. 



AMERICAN citizen's TREASURE HOUSE. 365 



THE FUTURE OF OUR COUNTRY. 



^^r^^HE history of America has not, like that of the Old A\ orld, 
*^vr^ the charm of classical or romantic associations ; but in 
^T^ useful instruction and moral dignity it has no equal. It is 
not yet a century since this fair and flourishing republic was a 
colony of England, scarcely commanding the means of existence 
without the aid of the mother country, who was herself oppressed 
by European wars. Our puritan forefathers began in the rough 
fields of Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut, on a 
broad, comprehensive i)rinciple, which has gone forth to fraternize 
the world. Our history, therefore, like that poetical temple of 
fame reared by the imagination of Chaucer, and decorated by the 
taste of Pope, is almost exclusively dedicated to the memory of 
the truly great. Within, no idle ornament encumbers its bold 
simplicity. The pure light of Heaven enters from aboye, and 
sheds an equal and serene radiance around. As the eye wanders 
about its extent, it beholds the unadorned monuments of brave 
and gsod men, who have bled or toiled for their country; or it 
rests on votive tablets inscribed with the names of the blessed 
benefactors of mankind. I'he puritans of England — the resolute 
conquerors of the lakes and forests of the New World — occupied, 
in the first period of their social existence, the depressed position 
of a European colony; but the spirit of liberty which had led 
them to these wild regions, and the gifts of a magnificent and 
fertile nature, were sufficient to prepare them for their high des- 
tiny. This rude apprenticeship lasted more than one hundred 
and fifty years before the hour of change struck ; and in the night 
of the i8th of April, 1775, the cannons of Lexington called a 
new-borii nation to regenerate the world. The people rose as 
one man, and turning the ploughshares that tilled the soil into 



59° MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND 



THE LAW OF NATIONS. 




^ 



ATIONS, like individuals, are bound by certain laws 
oitv^^r '^^'^"'^^^'^ govern and control their relation and conduct to 
^^^ each other. It is, or should be, based upon the divine 
precept, " Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do 
ye even so to them." No other rule is just, and nations are as 
strongly bound to obey it as an individual. This, however, is not 
enough ; and sad as is the commentary, in other and more human 
laws they find a stronger protection. There is no tribunal but 
that of public opinion to enforce upon nations an observance of 
the courtesy due each other, but, in this agC; there is not a civilized 
government on earth that does not stand sufficiently in awe of 
this to openly respect its compact with other nations. 

There can, of course, be no court for the adjustment of 
national misunderstandings ; and each nation is therefore a law 
unto itself, and the chief judge of its own wrongs and grievances; 
hence, when difficulties and disputes arise between them, and 
neither reason nor charity will lead to a peaceful settlement of 
their troubles, war is resorted to, and by force of arms, or supe- 
riority of numbers, one is forced to yield its claims to the other, 
and often to relinquish justice. A nation's strength is not always 
a nation's glory, since it may have been acquired by the most dis- 
honorable means ; and a nation's greatness is not always a nation's 
honor, since it may have been reached in such a way as to be its 
shame. In the ages when the most bloody and cruel war begat 
heroes, and the most treacherous and cowardly acts often crowned 
them with laurels, it was enough that a nation was victorious ; it 
mattered little whether that victory, or the terms dictated to the 
conquered, were honorable or otherwise, and some of the most 
noted of the ancient Roman and Grecian warriors were distinguished 
for cruelty, tyranny and treachery. To violate a treaty was, with 



224 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND 



THE DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF 

VOTERS. 



^/f¥^N a Republican torm of Government, every act and feature 

fof our laws is traceable directly to those who by their votes 
enacted them, or indirectly to those who by their neglect to 
vote suffered the passage of a bad or injudicious bill and allowed 
it to become a statute, and thus wronged thousands, and disgraced 
the country. We say, boastingly, that the " right of suffrage" is 
extended to every citizen of the United States, but the term, as 
applied to the citizens of a Republic, is a contradiction, meaning 
as it does, permission from the ruling power thus to do — when the 
very significance of our form of government is proof that it is as 
much the birthright of every citizen as is the air -he breathes. The 
declaration that " all men are created free and equal," gives no 
man an inherited supremacy over another, either social or politi- 
cal, and imposes certain duties upon every one, duties that are 
inseparc^ble from his citizenship. 

A republican government is a contract or compact between the 
people for mutual protectiwi, defense and security, and since 
every citizen derives actual and positive benefit from this protec- 
tion it is impossible but that he has duties to perform and obliga- 
tions to meet. It is not practicable, of course, for the people to 
assemble in masses and give instructions to the Chief Executive 
personally ; hence, conventions are called, at which some one who 
is known to be honest and faithful to the interests of the common- 
wealth, and especially of the district he represents, is nominated, 
and afterwards elected to meet the general assembly of represent- 
atives, at which the wants, wishes or demands of the people are 
made known, and such measures adopted as shall most easily and 
speedily carry them out. 



PART II. 




NAPOLEON III. 



AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 399 



NAPOLEON BONAPARTE. 



*'?ipT is impossible," says Gregorovius, than whom we have no 
• J^(L ^^f^*^^^ authority, perhaps, " to establish with any accuracy 
^T^ the origin of the Bonaparte family." Certain it is, that 
when the author whom I quote, and to whom I am indebted for 
these facts, first introduces them, they are a quiet and unknown 
family, living in seclusion in Corsica. There the three young 
sisters grew out of their beautiful childhood into more beautiful 
girlhood, and the young brothers prepared themselves for the life 
that lay before them. 

Napoleon, who was not eldest, yet in every way took precedence 
to Joseph, and the Archdeacon Lucien, their uncle, said on his 
death-bed, to Joseph : " You are the oldest of tlie family, but there 
stands its head — you must not forget this." Even in childhood 
he showed a marvelous passion for military life, and was almost 
constantly with the soldiers in their barracks at Ajaccio, imitating 
and practicing their duties and exercises. "While very young he 
was sent to military school at Brienne, and in 1783 to the military 
school at Paris to complete his studies. He had already an am- 
bition that was more than master of every other faculty he pos- 
sessed, a vivid imagination aflame with the excitement of ancient 
history, and he aspired to re-enact the bold and valiant deeds of 
the Caesars and of Alexander. Having finished his military stud- 
ies, we find him at Ajaccio, and a zealous democrat. How in after 
years, when he with his own hand placed the crown upon his 
head, where the Pope had so recently rested his hand in conse- 
cration, did he reconcile his change of views. Corsica, as every 
reader knov/s, was forever in an uproar or a revolution — first the 
prey of one and then of another power, and when the time came 
that the democratic party, under the leadership of Joseph and 
Napoleon I! .naj)artc, drew up a congratulatory address to the 
convened assembly, it was filled with the bitterest denunciations 



4o8 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND 



ZACHARIAH CHANDLER. 



g^P'ACHARIAH CHANDLER was born in Bedford, N. H., 
JJW^I December lo, 1813. He received a good education, and 
^^^ at the age of twenty-two went to Detroit, Mich., engaged 
in mercantile business, and as the town, then small, increased ih 
size, so also did his business, until he was one of the heaviest 
wholesale dry goods merchants in the State. He was a whig in 
politics, so far at least as he was a politician, which was not to any 
great extent, and he never sought political honors. He was elected 
Mayor of Detroit in 1 851, and in the following year was nominated 
for Governor of the State, but his fine sense of honor forbade his 
silence upon what seemed to him vital points of interest to the 
nation, and he gave his views so plainly and independently as 
to offend the party in power,^ and lost the election. In 1856 
he was elected to the United States Senate for six years, and 
during that term was identified with all the leading movements of 
the day : for a general system of internal improvements, for pre- 
venting the further increase of slave territory, and for the sup- 
pression of the vices and corruption which disgraced the nation. 

One of our finest critics writes of him : " The country does not 
know how much it owes to his Roman firmness. The people 
have become too much accustomed to regard him as one of the 
fortresses of their liberties, which no artillery could breach, 
and whose parapet no storming column could ever reach, that 
they have never given themselves a thought as to the disastrous 
consequences which might have followed had he spoken or 
voted differently from what he did. AVhen did he ever pander 
to position, or complain of being overslaughed by his party.' 
Yet no man ever did braver work for a party, and got less con- 
sideration than he." 

In the rebellion he advocated prompt and energetic measures, 
not half-way action. He was prompt and efficient in promoting 
the welfare of the soldiers, and in bringing about an honorable 
peace. 



AMERICAN CITIZENS TREASURE HOUSE. 41I 



JOHN A. LOGAN. 



J^jpOHN A. LOGAN was born in Illinois in 1826. His father, 
^<Yi^ one of the first settlers of the Prairie State, was born 
in Ireland. His mother was from the State of Tennessee, 
and is spoken of as a lovely woman ; and it is from this daughter 
of the South that he inherits his warm, glowing temperament 
and his impulsive disposition. His father was a man of fine tal- 
ents, and a good scholar. In those days school houses were not 
by any means as plenty as now, so he took the education of his 
boy into his own hands, and I have never heard but that he did 
credit to his teacher. As had been foreseen and prophesied by 
prominent statesmen and prophetic lookers-on, the Mexican war 
followed the annexation of Texas ; the call for volunteers rang 
through the land, and bright swords leaped from the scabbard 
at the touch of willing hands, as from the North and the South her 
ruddy sons went out to defend the dear old flag. With the fore- 
most of these young Logan marched to the fray, and on those dis- 
tant western battle-fields won his first laurels. From that day to 
this no year has passed but fresh leaves have been added, of deeper, 
more fadeless green. 

At the first he was chosen lieutenant in a company of the first 
Illinois volunteers, and the records of that war contain evidence 
that he was a good and faithful soldier. In the fall of 1848, hav- 
ing returned home, he commenced the study of law, and in No- 
vember, 1841, was elected clerk of Jackson county. He was 
admitted to the bar in 1851, and commenced practice with his 
uncle, A. M. Jenkins, Esq., who had once been Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor of Illinois, and in 1852 he was elected prosecuting attorney 
of the third judicial district. In the autumn of the same year 
he was elected to the State legislature, and was three times re- 
elected. In 1856 he was chosen presidential elector, and was the 
successful democratic candidate for representative in Congress, 
being re-elected by the same party in i860. He was one of the 



412 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND 

evidently defending a principle dear to his heart, make him a 
great orator. * * * What is chiefly edifying to a student of 
the current debates is the dominion of such a mind as his over 
the bombast, the quibbles, the stump oratory, and the rickety 
logic of Senatorial quacks. It suggests the poise of an eagle in the 
"blue serene " above a flock of clacking wild gees5. 

The lovable side of Carl Schurz's character is, the sociable and 
domestic side. He has a noble Avife and one child, and a quiet 
home in Washington. There, on Saturday evenings, his friends 
are entertained with conversation and music. There is certainly 
no difficulty in conversing with the Senator, because he talks flu- 
ently in three languages, and I don't know how many more. He 
has a true German fondness for music, and is said to be a fine 
amateur pianist. 



LYMAN TRUMBULL. 



t)N speaking of this man, no introduction is needed. 
His name is familiar to every voter, his speeches have been 
read at every fireside, and his acts have been before the 
public for many years. He was born in Colchester, Conn., in 
1813. In his sixteenth year he became a teacher in his native 
town, and upon reaching his majority went to Georgia, where he 
was engaged in teaching for several years, devoting all his spare 
time to the study of law, and was admitted to the bar while he 
was still a resident of that State. 

In 1837 he removed to lUinois, and in 1840 represented St. 
Clair county in the State Legislature; and in 1841 was made 
Secretary of the State of Illinois. In 1848 he was elected one of 
the Chief Justices of the State Supreme Court, an office which he 
held for thirteen years. In 1855 the Legislature elected him to 



.\^ERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 



415 




CHARLES SUMNER. 



^,^^0R forty years the name of Charles Sumner has been before 
^rpJ the American people, and for more than thirty years he 
^F^ has been a leading statesman. His ancestors for several 
generations had been legal men — indeed, one may safely say that 
it is a family trait to incline to the profession of the law. 

Charles Sumner was born in Boston, January 6th, 181 1 ; grad- 
uated from Harvard College in 1830 and was admitted to the bar 
in 1836. In I S3 7 he visited Europe and spent three years on the 
•Continent, when he returned to America and resumed the prac- 
tice of law in Boston. Mr. Sumner, though not at this time an 
active politician, was claimed by the Whigs as belonging to their 
party, and most likely he did. He strongly opposed the Mexican 
War, and wrote a letter to Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, who then 
-was the Member of Congress from Boston, filled with the most 
.scathing rebuke, for having voted in favor of that war in direct 



MASTER SPIRITS OF THF. NVORLD, AND' 



THOMAS A. HENDRICKS. 



t 

gr/|^, HOMAS A. HENDRICKS was born in Muskingum county,, 
%i^ Ohio, September yth, 1819. He studied law in PennsyL 



'^'^ vania and was admitted to the bar in Chambersburg, after 
which he settled and practiced his profession in Indiana. In 1850 
he was a member of the convention to amend the State Constitution, 
and in 1851 he was Representative from Indiana and served in 
Congress two years with marked ability. Mr. Hendricks was ap- 
pointed by President Pierce Commissioner of the General Land 
Office, and during the four years he held the position, eighty mil- 
lion acres were sold. In i860 Mr. Hendricks was the Democratic 
candidate for Governor of Indiana, but was defeated, and twa 
years later was elected by his party to the United States Senate.. 
In 186S his was prominent among the names in the New York 
Convention for the Presidency, and had the party decided upon 
him to lead in the ensuing campaign he would have been a leader 
worthy of them. His name was upon the ticket of this cam- 
paign for Governor of Indiana, and a second time he was defeated 
for the position. Mr. Hendricks is one of the most able and pop- 
ular men in the Democratic party. He is as much marked for the 
gracefulness of his oratory as for his eloquence, and his audience 
never weary of listening, while his politeness and good humor in 
debate make him a general favorite. His speech on the Supple- 
mentary Reconstruction Bill was one of his most masterly efforts. 
Said he, " What objection have you to the Constitutions of the 
Southern States as amended by the people } ' For two years you 
have kept those States out of the Union, so far as representation 
was concerned ; for two years trade, commerce, or business have' 
been afraid to put out their hand, or capital to trust to any enter- 
prise, and the spirit of confidence and harmony have been passing 
away from both sections of the country because of the strife thus- 
kept up. For what have you done it, and what end have you: 
attained? * •* A republican form of government is one in 



r"^?"^ 




AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE, 419 



HENRY WILSON. 



):gip:ENRY WILSON was born at Farmington, New Hamp- 
it(^t(^ shire, 1812. He was apprenticed to a farmer,\vith whom 
^ ^^^' he remained until of age, when he went to Natick, Massa- 
chusetts, with all his possessions on his back, and learned the 
shoemaker's trade, and having worked nearly three years, returned 
to New Hampshire for the purpose of securing an education, 
never having had a year's schooling. His plans were brought to 
sudden grief, however, for the man to whom he entrusted his 
money, became insolvent, and he returned to his shoemaker's 
bench at the age of twenty-six to again earn the means of support 
while studying. Long after this, when years of patient industry 
and perseverance had given him a position of honor, he was 
taunted on the floor of Congress with his trade, and the epithet 
" mudsill," was thrown at him, he flung back the insult with the 
words : " Sir, I am the son of a hireling manual laborer, who with 
the frosts of seventy winters upon his brow, lives by his daily 
labor. I, too, have been a ' hireling manual laborer ; ' but it was 
honest labor, and the memory of it brings no blush of shame as 
it comes back to me. Poverty cast its dark shadows over the 
home of my childhood, and want, too, was sometmies there, an 
unbidden guest. At the age of ten years, to aid him who gave 
me a being, in keeping the gaunt specter from the hearth of the 
mother who bore me, I left that boyhood home and went forth to 
earn my bread by 'daily labor.' " 

His political career commenced in 1840, and in the succeeding 
five years he was three times elected a Representative and twice 
a Senator, to the Massachusetts legislature. He was always a 
strong opponent to slavery, and in 1845 was chosen, with the poet 
Whittier, to bear to Washington the protest of Massachusetts 
against the annexation of Texas. Mr. Wilson was a delegate to 
the National Whig Convention of 1848, and on the rejection of, 
the anti-slavery resolutions presented there, at once withdrew from 



MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND 

-the Senate of the United States, and in 1861-67 he was re-elected. 

In connection with other leading men, and in accordance with 
the known wishes of the people, he advocated earnestly the nom- 
ination of President Lincoln, both for his first and second terms of 
office. 

Senator Trumbull is one of our strong men. He is emi- 
nently practical, and very firm ; while rarely, if ever, acting upon 
impulse, he rarely, if ever, changes an opinion. He is an earnest, 
thoughtful, conscientious man, not one of those, perhaps, to whom 
our hearts go out involuntarily with their freight and offering of 
love, but one of those whom we honor and trust, and to whom we 
.could safely commit the keeping of our party or national honor. 



SCHUYLER COLFAX. 



'^ygyp.ON. SCHUYLER COLFAX was born in the city of 
jv(r)TP New York, March 23, 1823. He early learned to depend 
^1 "^^ upon himself, and prepare to meet life's stern realities, 
and to breast the tide of human affairs with what strength and 
forces were at his command. His father died before his babe was 
born, leaving the young widow with exceedingly limited resources 
When he was ten years old, Schuyler went into a store, where he 
remained three years, and then, with his mother and stepfather, 
removed to the West, and settled in Indiana, where he again found 
^employment as a dry goods clerk, for four years more. He must 
ihave given promise already of ability, for before he was eighteen 
iie was appointed deputy auditor, and moved to South Bend. He 
possessed some literary taste, and wrote fluently and correctly, 
and attracted some attention by articles in the country papers of 
the day. In 1845 he began the publication of the St. Joseph Val- 
ley Register. His speculation seems not to have been imme- 
.diately successful, for it is said that the young editor found 




t)N-. Carl Schurz. 




Gen. AV. T. Sherman. 




Rev. H. W. Beecher. 



AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 539 



GEORGE PEABODY. 




MAGNIFICENT charities are not always a proof of true 
benevolence, and princely fortunes may be bestowed 
without in any great degree benefiting the world, but 
when a man starts from the lowest ranks in life without assistance, 
amasses a fortune by his industry and attention to business, and, 
never hoarding, bestows liberally upon all who need, not only upon 
the beggar at the door, but famished nations are fed by his bounty, 
when his quick sympathies and generous heart respond to every 
call of woe, and every cry of destitution, he may well be called a 
benefactor of the human race. From the age of eleven, when 
George Peabody was taken from school, until he was nineteen, he 
was a clerk in various dry goods houses, but at that time he became 
a partner with Mr. Elisha Riggs, of Georgetown, D. C. The new 
business consisted of the importation and sale of European goods, 
and the entire charge and management of the business devolved 
upon Mr. Peabody, a "boy of nineteen," as some of Mr. Riggs' 
friends sneeringly styled him. In 1815 the business had increased 
to that extent which iiiade it impracticable to carry it on in George- 
town, and they removed to Baltimore, where banking was added 
to their regular business. In 1820 Mr. Riggs withdrew from act- 
ive participation in the cares attendant upon such an enterprise, 
and the style of the firm was changed to Peabody, Riggs & Co. 
They had for some time been the financial agents for the State of 
Maryland, and their banking business had become very extended. 
In 1856 a branch house was established in London, as their trade 
in British manufactures was so great as to seem to demand it, and 
in 1837 he removed there to take charge of it. Since that time 
London has been his place of residence, though he always con- 
sidered America his home. This year is one of the most remarka- 
ble in our history. A very large number of banks suspended 



AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 



495 




JOSH BILLINGS. 



!ut()7/J^ANY of our American humorists have as many read- 

ICi^/i^lv ^^^ ^^ Henry W. Shaw, so well known under his pen 

, name of "Josh Billings;" none of them have, however; 

so wide and varied an audience. Old and young are alike pleased 

at his amusing oddities, quaint sayings, and natural kindly 

humor. 

His life seems to have been remarkable in no respect except in 
the rapidity with which he made and the ability with which he 
has kept his reputation as a humorist. It is not likely that a 
biography of " Josh Billings " would prove more interesting than 
that of most people. It is in his writings alone that matter for 
interest is to be found. As an author he seems destined to ob- 
tain as much celebrity for the wealth of his humor and the ver- 
satility of its expression, as for its charming quality. He has 
already published four books, all of which have been successful, 



496 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND 

besides his well-known "Farmer's Almanax," of which enough 
were sold at 25 cents each to bring the author a small fortune. 

Like many other authors, he has entered the lecture field, 
where he has also achieved success. He never fails to obtain full 
houses, and is received everywhere with applause. 

The genius of " Billings " is to be seen rather in his quaint and 
original manner of saying things, his "cute" combinations, 
strange juxtapositions, and the peculiar power he possesses of 
presenting high moral truths, so that they may be brought, full 
of life and humor, to the comprehension of the most practical 
minds, that in the giving of new or original matter. He might 
be called an artist rather than a writer ; or to express it different- 
ly, a Uterateur in whom the artistic sense predominates. There 
may, indeed, be originality in matter as well as in manner in 
" Josh Billings' " writings — the humor which grows out of his com- 
parisons and combinations being certainly original — but most of 
his seem to be drawn from the wise old moral laws of our ances- 
tors, united to the odd and practical phraseology of certain 
classes. 

However this may be, " Josh Billings " is always heard and read 
with delight, and we have pleasure in presenting his portrait as 
being that of one of America's greatest humorists. 



AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 555 



HENRY WARD BEEGHER. 



)T may seem like the most unblushing egotism to allow a pen- 
cil as unskilled as is mine to attempt to delineate for the 
"world's criticism the lights and shades of the character of a 
man like Henry Ward Beecher; more especially while he still 
lives in our midst, and when the world has recognized his genius 
and knows the tree by its fruits. But while I can not ignore the 
existence of this man who stands so high in his profession, and so 
high in the esteem and affection of the people to whom he minis- 
ters in spiritual things, I shall skim lightly and hurriedly over it, 
as does a practical skater, when he knows that the ice is very thin 
and the water very deep beneath his feet. If I do not do full jus- 
tice to my subject, it is not alone that I am unequal to the task, 
but because only the historian's pen can do him full justice. 

He was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, June 24th, 1813, and 
his father, Dr. Lyman Beecher, was quite a celebrated New Eng- 
land divine, who has the honor of being the father of some of our 
brightest literary lights. In every flock is some weak lamb, and 
Henry enjoyed the distinction, in childhood at least, of being con- 
sidered, both by his family and the neighbors, the " dunce of the 
Beecher family," a distinction which, I have heard, gave him no 
pain in those days, and but little since. It had not, in those prim- 
itive times, become notorious that clergymen's sons have more 
wild oats to sow ihan any of the scions of our democratic aristoc- 
racy, commonly Lnown as " Young America," or that they are 
allowed broader fields in which to scatter it; and that they are 
not usually coiupelled by society, so exacting as to be the Neme- 
sis of every individual, to garner the harvest Avhen it is ripened; 
hence, the sons of Mr. Beecher, Sen., were compelled to " set an 
example " for the whole neighborhood, and though he has taken 
so kindly to theology in later life, he has declared that the doses 
of catechism and ten commandments which he was forced to take 
sickened him then and sicken him still, as he remembers them. 




Robert Toombs, of Ga. 



AMERICAN citizen's TREASURE HOUSE. 643 



GEN. PHILIP H. SHERIDAN. 




jj^\ F the boyhood of General P. H. Sheridan, little is known, 
ijjj^ He has not been handed down to posterity by the pre- 
cocious wit of infantile prattle, or by wonderful exploits 
in his baby boyhood, and has not yet, to my knowledge, been 
spoken of or made famous by any doting biographers as the 
" curly-headed little boy who never told a lie." In years to come, 
when he has passed away, and there is no one living who can, 
from personal recollection, contradict it, even this honor may be 
lavished upon his memory, in addition to those which belong to 
it in reality. 

General Sheridan was born in Perry county, Ohio. His parents 
were plain, unpretending Irish people, and their boy was early set 
at such employment as would enable him to do something towards 
his own support. At seventeen he drove a watering cart through 
the streets of Zanesville, but somehow the genius that was in him 
attracted the attention of a member of Congress, who got him 
sent to West Point. The next five years, I fancy, were a curious 
compound of good and evil, and often his progress was like climb- 
ing a slippery hill, where the pedestrian takes " two steps forward 
and one back," until by this slow manner he reaches the top — for 
" Phil " did reach the top at last. He was quick tempered, proud 
and rash, as full of frolic as it was possible for human nature to 
be, and as fond of fight as frolic. Indeed, it is said, that " black 
marks " counted up so fearfully fast against him that it was almost 
impossible for him to remain in the academy ; and sometimes the 
matter of turning away the troublesome, but brilliant boy, was se- 
riously considered. At last, however, less through fear of the 
disgrace than from a desire to succeed, he managed, by the exer- 
cise of a vast amount of self-control, to keep his temper in check, 
and his mind on the rules ; and, knowing how strong was the effort 
this required, he wori the sympathy of the teachers, and they were 




Gen. Phillip H. Sheridan. 



AMERICAN citizen's TREASURE HOUSE. 65 1 



ALEXANDER H. STEPHENS. 



/[^ LEXANDER STEPHENS was born February ii, 1812, 
' ?^\<^ in Crawfordville, Georgia, and losing both parents, one 
^"^L in his infancy, the other when ten years old, was brought 
up and educated mostly by his uncle, Aaron Grier. At one time 
he was strongly inclined to study for the ministry, but later, he 
chose law, and was admitted to the bar in 1834, when twenty-two 
years of age. He rapidly acquired a fine reputation ; indeed, his 
first case, which he gained against the celebrated Mr. Jeffreys, 
gave him at once a firm position. His orphan boyhood, his pov- 
erty, his struggle for his education and profession, when want and 
physical suffering battled mightily with the strong will that was, 
as he said with a grim bitterness, " about all there was of him," 
have marked both the face and character of the man. You read 
the story in the wistful look of his large sad eyes, in the sweet and 
patient mouth, even in the listless, weary droop of the slender 
shoulders. His birthplace Avas sold at his father's death, but he 
had a love for that spot of earth that has been well nigh the ruling 
passion of his life, and he set apart the first fruits of his profes- 
sional labor, to redeem it from the hands of strangers. The young 
neophite had no paltry pettifoggers to oppose him, but those who 
had tempered their steel with practice, and whose talents, no less 
than their legal lore, made them able antagonists. At the very 
beginning of his career he came in contact with men whose social, 
political, financial and professional positions were already defined 
and secured ; men who are all gone now — men of yesterday, but 
who made for their names a place in our memory. There were 
Sayre, and Thomas, and Dawson, and Tombs; these were the 
men amongst whom the friendless and penniless boy had to make 
his way — the men amongst whom he did make his way right gal- 
lantly. In 1836 he was nominated for the General Assembly of 
his State, and had a most gaatifying majority of votes against a 




Hon. Robert L. Orr, of So. Carolina. 



AMERICAN CITIZEN S 'JREASURE HOUSE. 68l 

* 



JOHN C CALHOUN. 



I^^J^HE subject of this sketch was born in Abbeville District, 
%^ South Carolina, March i8th, 1782, and the luster of his 
^ name, which was never clouded or dimmed or disgraced, 
lent to the glory of the State that gave him birth, that he loved 
so well, and served so faithfully. His father was the first member 
elected to the Provincial Legislature from the interior of the 
State, and of this body, and the State Legislature, he continued 
a member for thirty years, with the intermission of a single term, 
and held the office at the time of his death. 

At Yale College young Calhoun distinguished himself for breadth 
of intellect and for his precocious sagacity, and the learned Dr. 
Dwight, President of the College, with whom he had frequent dis- 
cussions, was astonished at his depth of thought and power of 
eloquence ; and unequivocally predicted the future of his pupil. 
He remarked to a friend, " That young man has talents enough to 
be President of the United States." A high compliment in that 
day, but which, with the experience that later years has brought 
us, we are justified in questioning, and we defend our own scepti- 
cism and turn wistful eyes backv\^ard over time as we cry, " Oh, for 
the days when men like Calhoun dared to 'beard the lion in his lair — 
the Douglas in his halls ' "• — -when with his young honors but just 
budding along the laurel wreath fame's fingers had already begun 
to weave for his brow, he stepped forth to meet a Randolph of 
Roanoke, and in answer to that powerful antagonist, threw back, 
with fiery impetuosity, concentrated bitterness, and scathing 
scorn, in the true spirit of the proud sons of the South, the taunts 
and sneers with which he had been met in the legislature by him. 
Those who knew Randolph, and knew how haughty and impe- 
rious was his nature, can perhaps imagine his astonishment and 
rage, when this stripling stepped forth, as confidently as did 
David to meet Goliah, and exclaimed, in answer to Randolph's pro- 




Hon. John C. Calhoun. 



AMERICAN citizen's TREASURE HOUSE. 675 



BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 




/HE life of Benjamin Franklin is so familiar to every school 
boy in the land, and " Poor Richard's " sayings have so 
long dropped like golden grains of wisdom from the lips 
of prophet and sage, as to have indeed passed into proverbs. 

From childhood he was quiet and studious, evincing and ex- 
pressing a perfect contempt for the business of chandler and soap 
boiler, which his father carried on quite extensively. The boy 
loved but one thing on earth thoroughly, and that was a book. 
His father had the good sense to see the great advantage which 
an education would be to his son, and not having the means to 
gratify him, sent him to his brother, to learn the printing business, 
and he was apprenticed in due time and form. He showed con- 
siderable literary and poetical talents, and wrote a number of arti- 
cles which received high compliments from the "literati " of the 
time. His brother James was a man of the most overbearing and 
tyrannical nature, and also exceedingly harsh and jealous, suspi- 
cious alike of stranger and kinsmen, and their relations were by 
no means of the most agreeable sort. Long before his time of 
service had expired he broke his bonds in a most unceremonious 
manner and run away. He made some effort to get work in Bos- 
ton, but failing in this, went to work. Now began, for the first 
time, the actual battle of life — those battles which he had so 
longed to go out and engage in, but like many another impetuous 
young soldier, he found that " distance lent enchantment to the 
view," and lent a great deal to it, too. In New York, as in Boston, 
he. could get no work, and was referred to Philadelphia as the 
place where he was most likely to find it. His first visit to the 
city of Brotherly Love — his scant financial resources — even the 
story of the baker's rolls, and the picture of the pretty girl who 
stood in a door and laughed at the odd figure he made, as he 
lunched from the end of a roll ; and how in after vears, when he 







Benjamin Franklin. 



AMERICAN citizen's TREASURE HOUSE. 693 



CORNELIUS VANDERBILT. 



f'N a low, brown farm-house, on Staten Island, covered with 
moss, and embowered in vines and shrubbery, Cornelius 
Vanderbilt was born — and there in his island home, where 
the waves murmured soft lullabys, and the ebb and flow of the 
tide marked the hours of the day and night, he grew up a sturdy, 
active boy, who[seems, even in childhood, to have had a very good 
idea of the value of meney, and a knack for making it. He was 
fond of a boat and " took to the water as naturally as a duck 
does." At twelve years of age we find him entrusted Avith a man's 
work, in superintendence of the removal of freight from a lighter 
to the city. He was always anxious to be a sailor, but as his 
mother opposed his wishes, he was obliged to give it up for a 
while ; but his love for the water was so great that at last he carried 
the day, became the possessor of a boat, and worked steadily and 
faithfully. He formed no bad habits — contracted no vices, and 
laid up all his money. During the war of 1812, the harbor de- 
fenses were fully manned and a large number of boats were con- 
stantly in port, and between these and the city, a stream of 
passengers, giving steady work to the young man, who profited by 
it to the best advantage. In 1814 our whole eastern sea coast 
was guarded against an attack from England, the militia was called 
out, and forced, under heavy penalty, to serve ; and about the same 
time the commissary called for bids from the seamen to convey 
military stores to the different ports — six in number — where sol- 
diers were stationed. The contractor was to be exempt from mil- 
itary duty. Of course every seaman in the port sent in a bid, 
most of them at the most absurd prices, not intended, or expected 
to cover the expenses, but simply to exempt them from duty. 
Vanderbilt did not at once send in a bid, but at last, to satisfy his 
father, made an estimate which would give him a moderate profit, 
and sent it in, and to his surprise it was accepted. The work was 



^ 




COMMODORE VAJiDEKBILT. 




Gen. Sam Houston. 



AMERICAN CITIZEN S TREASURE HOUSE. 



405 




BISMARK. 



^^^JINCE 1S62, Count Karl Otto von Bismark-Schonhauseiij 
i^\^^j has really stood at the head of the Prussian nation. His 
^^^^ spirit has been felt in peace and war, and his counsels 
have been more potent then the word of the crowned head who 
seemed to dictate — yet o;i/y seemed — since he was but the means 
of executing the will of the prime minister. Perhaps his greatest 
ability has been shown in his skill and tact in leading, and con- 
trolling, and influencing King William I. to adopt measures 
which were in direct opposition to his views and prejudices, more 



392 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND 



ELIAS HOWE, JR, 



2^i/f^HERE is not in all the length and breadth of our land a 
"vr tired and overworked mother, who groaning»under the ac- 
^T^ cumulation of household sewing which the fingers, ready 
and skillful though they be, can not find or make time to do, and 
whose overburdened heart and brain have been relieved and made 
to sing with joy by the possession of the " Household Fairy," who 
will not be pleased to know something of its inventor, for, though 
the clarion voice of fame may boast of our telegraphs over land 
and through ocean of our magnificent steam printing presses, of 
engines which are more wonderful than stories of Arabian Night 
Entertainment, they may talk of their fire arms, whose deadly 
work upon the battle-field is more sure and fatal than that of the 
pestilence which walketh at noonday ; it may sing of the sculptors 
or the poets art and tell of those who have made their names im- 
mortal as financiers, or diplomatists, but a woman's heart beats 
high with gratitude as she remembers him whose cunning and 
patience, and skill broke the chain of her bondage to toil that 
consumed her midnight hours, to poverty that robbed life of every 
blessing, and too often drove her to sin at which she shuddered, 
even while she embraced it, or into a suicide's grave. 

The " Song of the Shirt," with its vivid picture of degredation 
and suffering, is a song and a picture of an era that is passed, 
thank God, forever, and now, when care and anxiety and suffering 
had set their seal on women's faces until they had grown prema- 
turely old and gray, peace and prosperity have come through the 
sewing machine. 

The inventor, Elias Howe, was born in the town of Spencer, 
Massachusetts, in 1819. Besides himself there were eight child- 
ren, and his father was in straightened circumstances, so that there 
was need that each child as it become old enough to work, should 
contribute to its own support. His education was very meager, 




Elias Howe, Jr. 



572 » MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND 

labored almost frantically for the Union. A speech which he 
made before thousands of her citizens, is conceded to be one of 
the most powerful ever delivered upon the subject, and gave him 
a most honorable reputation. In 1862 he was elected to the 
United States Senate, and in 1864 gave his vote for the uncondi- 
tional abolishment of slavery^ also in the Thirty-ninth Congress he 
favored the immediate re-admission of the seceded States. When 
the Military Reconstruction Bill was before the Senate he op- 
posed it, but when even this seemed likely to be lost, and nothing 
gained in its stead, eager that any measure which should re-admit 
the South to her old rights under the government should be 
adopted, he urged its passage. Mr. Johnson has been one of the 
most industrious men of the Senate, or in public life, and his 
record is a grand one, an honor to himself and the State he rep- 
resents. 



SIMON CAMERON. 




^jIMON CAMERON, better known as Secretary Cameron, 
^] was born in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, March Sth, 
1799, and educated himself while following his trade, which 
was that of a printer. He edited and published a paper called 
the Pennsylvania Intelligencer, and before he reached the age of 
twenty-two was editor of a paper in Harrisburg. He was active 
in promoting the welfare of the State, urging forward every inter- 
nal improvement which could add to her wealth and prosperity. 
In 1832 he established the Middleton Bank, and was president of 
two railroad companies. He was appointed by Governor Shultze 
Adjutant-General of P'ennsylvania, and in 1845 was elected 
United States Senator for four years. His term of office expired 




Simon Cameron. 



582 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND 



SAMUEL F. B. MORSE. 



(^^AMUEL F. B. MORSE was born in Charleston, Mass., 
[J\^|) 1 79 1, graduated from Yale in 1810, adopted the profession 
^"^^ of an artist, and studied abroad under West, Copley and 
Alliston, His first work, a model of a dying Hercules, received 
from the Adelphi Society of Arts a gold medal, and was given by 
the Duke of Norfolk in the presence of the foreign Ambassadors. 
After spending three years in Europe he was forced to give up 
his studies for want of means to pursue them. In 1829 Mr. 
Morse again went abroad for the purpose of comi)leting his 
studies. In Europe for three more years he visited and tarried 
in every large city on the continent, especially where art flour- 
ished. In 1832 he sailed from Havre for New York to accept the 
position of Professor of the Literature of the Fine Arts, which 
had been tendered him. He had always felt a strong interest in 
Chemistry, and Natural Philosophy, and had given much time to 
the study of both. During the interval between the first and sec- 
ond trips, he delivered a course of lectures upon the Fine Arts, 
alternating nights with Professor J. F. Dana, who lectured upon 
electro-magnetism, illustrating his remarks Avith the first electro- 
magnet ever exhibited in America. The two Professors became 
warm friends, and passed many hours together in discussion of 
the principles of electricity. Soon after, the electro-magnetic in- 
strument was presented to Morse. His pursuit of the science was 
very thorough, aided by the magnet, with which many experiments 
were tried, and it is said that his investigations of the subject were 
deeper than those of any other man in America. The theory, so 
full of mystery then, and so incomprehensible to most of the pas- 
sengers, was discussed on board the boat in which he returned 
from France, several of the passengers being educated men, and 
some of them fine scholars, who were given to deep research. 
The subject of such deep interest to Professor Morse came up 



AMERICAN citizen's TREASURE HOUSE. 47^ 



GEN. W. T. SHERMAN. 




f 



)M. TECUMSEH SHERMAN was born in Lancaster, 
Fairfield county, Ohio, on the 8th day of February, 
1820, and was but nine years of age when his father 
died, leaving eleven children to the care of the mother. For six 
years previous to his death he held the position of Judge of the 
Superior Court of Ohio. After Mr. Sherman's death his friend, 
the Hon. Thomas Ewing, proposed to adopt Tecumseh, and as the 
mother wisely looked more to the child's interest than her own 
feelihgs, he was at once given up and placed by his adopted father 
at school and kept there until he was sixteen, when he was sent 
to West Point. Four years later he graduated in the class of 1840, 
and stood sixth in the examination. He at once entered into the 
regular service, and was ordered to Florida with the rank of Sec- 
ond Lieutenant of the Third Artillery. At the end of the year 
he was made First Lieutenant and stationed at Fort Moultrie, 
South Carolina. In 1846 he was sent to California^ and during 
the Mexican War was promoted to the rank of captain. 

In 1850 he married the eldest daughter of Mr. Ewing, between 
whom and himself there had been a strong attachment since his 
childhood. Wearying of a profession that in time of peace con- 
sisted of a monotonous round of mechanical duties, he resigned his 
commission and was made president of a banking house in San 
Francisco, where he remained several years. In i860 he was 
offered the Presidency of the Louisiana State Military Academy, 
where he remained until the gathering of the war clouds black 
with their pent up volumes of wrath, warned him that the storm 
was near, when he resigned his position, only three months before 
the attack upon Fort Sumter. In his letter to the Board of Super- 
visors, he says : " I beg you to take immediate steps to relieve 
me the moment this State resolves to secede; for on no earthly 
account will I do any act, or think any thought hostile to, or in 



4o6 



MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND 




GEORGE S. BOUTWELL. 



;^jp^ EORGE S. BOUTWELL was born in Brookline, Massa- 
\vWf^ chusetts, January 28th, 1818. When seventeen years of 
^r^ age he went to Groton and commenced business as clerk 
in a store. At nineteen he appeared first as a lecturer before the 
public in the Groton Lyceum. At the age of twenty-one he was 
nominated by the Democratic party for the legislature, but lost 
the election. Three years later he was again candidate, and being 
elected, was continued in the office seven successive years. In 
1 85 1 he was elected Governor of Massachusetts and held the office 
two terms. In 1853 he separated from the Democratic party and 
became a leader of the Republicans in Massachutetts. In 1861 
he was a member of the Peace Congress, and Avas the first Com- 
missioner of Internal Revenue and organized the revenue system 
of the United States, 

He was elected a Representative in Congress and took his seat 
in March, 1863. He was appointed a member of the Judiciary 
Committee, and continued on it, and also on the Joint Committee 
on Reconstruction. At the close of the war he was one of the 
first advocates of negro suffrage. As a manager of the Impeach- 
ment Trial before the Senate, his honest sincerity and eloquence 
attracted the attention and admiration of the whole country. Mr. 




B. GRATZ BROWN, 

Liberal Republican Candidate for Vice President, 



j6so 



MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND 




ROBERT FULTON. 



jj^^ FACETIOUS author calls our men of genius " freaks of 
^^^Vk nature; " but looking- at the array of men whose talents 
have made them comparisons in history, I can but think 
nature is in a mood for indulging herself in " freaks " very often. 
America has in a very great degree been blessed in the number of 
which she has been the a/wa mater. Her democratic principles 
foster in every son, yea, and daughter too, of her soil, the desire 
to be all that God gave him power to be, and do something by 
which the world will remember them when they have been gath- 
ered to their rest. The pen and brain love to dwell on the migl*ty 
works which these children of genius have achieved, and one of 
the mightiest monuments which living man ever built with his 
own hands to his name, is to be found in the floating palaces that 

'" walk the waters " of every land beneath the sun, the work of 
Robert Fulton. 

He was born at Little Britton, in Pennsylvania, in 1765. He 
was an artist and a genius from his birth, and while a mere child, 
used his pencil with great skill and loved it so well as to chose 
painting for a profession, and at the age of seventeen, established 
himself in Philadelphia as a portrait and landscape painter. At 

;.the time when the bold conceptions and dainty skill of West had 




Charle^ Francis Adams. 



514 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND 



GEN. ROBERT E. LEE. 



POBERT E. LEE was born at Stratford, Westmoreland 
county, Virginia, January 19th, 1807. His father died 
while he was yet a child, and at the age of eighteen he 
entered the Military Academy, at West Point, from which he 
graduated in four years. He stood second in a class of eighteen, 
many of whom have since risen to distinction. Some of them 
fought at his side and shared the brilliant conquest of Mexico — 
and in the sharper and sudden conflict where, on southern battle 
fields brothers stood face to face as foemen, they met again. It 
was no war for conquest now, but a war for principles — no war for 
glory, but a war for that which was dearer than life to each — the 
rights of the land they loved, and though divided in opinion and 
in action, they were brothers still, and equally honorable. 

When he left college he was at once appointed to a lieutenancy 
in the corps of topographical engineers. When the Mexican war 
opened, Lee was appointed chief engineer of the army, under 
General Wool, and it was to his skill that General Scott was always 
pleased to admit that he owed the victory of Vera Cruz. He was 
placed on the general's staff, and the skill and bravery of the young 
officer was often referred to by his seniors in command. He 
received two promotions in the campaign. For his noble conduct 
at Cerro Gordo, he was breveted major, and the laurels thickened 
in his wreath of glory at Contreras, and at the terrible battle of 
Chepultepec. He was appointed to the rank of lieutenant colonel, 
and at the end of the war was made Superintendent at West 
Point, still retaining his military rank. While he was yet at the 
head of the academy, two regiments were ordered by Congress to 
be raised, equipped, and sent to the Texas frontier. Of the sec- 
ond regiment Colonel Lee was appointed Lieutenant Colonel, and 
remained four years in the southwest fighting the Indians and per- 
forming general garrison duty. Upon his return from Texas he 
went to Europe, where he studied army tactics closely, storing 




Gen, Robert E. Lee. 



642 MASTER SPIRITS OF THE WORLD, AND 



CYRUS W. FIELD. 



ll^jfii'T is said that the tree of knowledge is guarded by angels 
who stand with bare and gleaming swords to watch their 
treasure, lest, as they say, " Man should eat of its fruits and 
become like one of us ; " and in the far back ages when art and 
science^ were but in embryo, when the great world herself was 
unconscious that under her mother-heart nestled the wee babe 
who would struggle into existence and mature into a giant, it might 
have been successfully done ; but surely the grim sentinels slum- 
bered at their post some day, and this child, already standing on 
the threshhold of manhood, stepped through the charmed circle 
of wearied and worn-out watchers, until he was surfeited, and did 
bring away spoils which he gave to the children of men, and they 
became as gods. I am going to tell you the story of one of these 
— tell it in a few words, too brief and too feeble to do him justice, 
yet the warm and honest tribute of our hearts to his worth,^'and 
expression of our admiration for his genius. 

Sixteen years ago very few persons had ever heard of Cyrus W, 
Field. Ten years ago he had acquired a notoriety as the vaguest 
visionary — a mad-brained enthusiast, who was determined to sink 
his handsome fortune in the sea, and consign his name to disgrace- 
ful oblivion. Mighty changes have been wrought since then, 
however, and no one hesitates to admit that Mr. Field is a great 
man, and that they knew from the first just how it would be. 

Cyrus West Field was born at Stockbridge, Massachusetts, and 
received such advantages as the times admitted of for an educa- 
tion, and when he was fifteen years old went to New York city to 
seek his fortune. He was a bright, active, intelligent boy, and of 
course readily found employment with an enterprising commercial 
house, with which he remained, first as clerk, afterwards as part- 
ner, in various positions, until he stood at the head of the firm 
for twenty years. The manner in which he became interested 
in the Atlantic cable, was through his brother, quite a distinguished 




CvRUS W. Field. 



LIFE OF 




Liberal Republican Candidate for Vice-President. 



J%^ OVERNOR B. Gratz Brown, of Missouri, was the leader 
*|r^fj) of the great Missouri campaign of 1870, which prepared 
V^^ the way for the enunciation of a national policy. Though 
"* yet in the very prime of life, his public career has been a 
marvel of brilliant success, signaled throughout by a fearless con- 
tempt of party trammels, and a bold and defiant leadership in the 
proclamation of advanced views. Governor Brown was born in 
Lexington, Kentucky, in 1824, graduated at Yale College, and 
moved to Missouri in 1850. He studied law and practiced with 
great success, but was elected to the Legislature in 1852, and re- 
mained there for a number of years, by successive re-elections. 
He entered public life as a Democrat and a follower of the great 
Benton, became idetified at once with the large German popula- 
tion of St. Louis, and during his whole career has been put for- 
ward as their special representative among the public men of 
American birth. Though a Southerner by birth and extensive 
family associations, he proclaimed from the first his free-soil sym- 
pathies. To him belongs the rare distinction of making the first 
speech in behalf of Emancipation in a Southern Legislature. 
That speech, delivered at the peril of his life in the Missouri 
House of Representatives, and at the almost certain sacrifice of 
all hope of political preferment, was the rallying-cry of that Spar- 
tan band of Emancipationists who finally redeemed the State. 
The Germans, who had settled in large numbers in St. Louis, 
rallied to the support of Gratz Brown, and returned him to the 
Legislature, after a bitter contest. From this time on, his efforts 
were unceasing in the great cause of freedom. He founded the 
St. Louis Democrat as the organ of the Free-soilers, and as the 
fearless and brilliant editor of the only Anti-slavery journal in a. 
slave State, soon won a national reputation. In all these efforts 
he faced the most bitter opposition. Both the great parties de- 
nounced and proscribed him. 



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